Effects of stress management interventions on heart rate variability in adults with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Meta-analysis was used to investigate the potential benefits of stress management interventions (SMIs) on vagally-mediated heart rate variability (HRV) in adults with cardiovascular disease. Electronic bibliographic databases were searched through August 2022. Randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies assessing effects of SMIs on HRV were included.

Machine Learning Approaches to Understand Cognitive Phenotypes in People With HIV.

Cognitive disorders are prevalent in people with HIV (PWH) despite antiretroviral therapy. Given the heterogeneity of cognitive disorders in PWH in the current era and evidence that these disorders have different etiologies and risk factors, scientific rationale is growing for using data-driven models to identify biologically defined subtypes (biotypes) of these disorders. Here, we discuss the state of science using machine learning to understand cognitive phenotypes in PWH and their associated comorbidities, biological mechanisms, and risk factors.

Biotypes of Central Nervous System Complications in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): National Institute of Mental Health Perspectives on Advancing the Future of HIV Healthcare.

Despite effective suppressive antiretroviral therapy, central nervous system (CNS) complications related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain a significant problem for people with HIV (PWH). Numerous studies have contributed data to define the mechanisms underlying HIV-associated CNS pathophysiology, but causality remains elusive, with no effective therapies to prevent, reduce, or reverse HIV-associated CNS complications. Multiple physiological, clinical, cognitive, behavioral, social, and environmental factors contribute to the observed heterogeneity of adverse CNS outcomes among PWH.

Flavored waterpipe tobacco preferences, perceptions, and use in pregnant women: A latent factor mapping approach.

Waterpipe tobacco (WPT) use is increasingly common in young adults including pregnant and reproductive-age women. Sweet flavors contribute to the appeal of WPT and are a promising regulatory target. The present study utilized correspondence analysis of contingency tables, a latent factor mapping technique, to investigate preferences and perceptions of WPT flavors in a sample of racially/ethnically diverse, low-income pregnant women.

Stress management interventions for adults with heart failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Stress management interventions (SMIs) targeting psychological stress and other psychosocial factors associated with heart failure (HF) morbidity and mortality are increasingly recommended for adults with HF. SMI content and delivery varies widely and meta-analyses are needed to synthesize current findings to identify gaps in the literature. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to examine the efficacy of SMIs for improving anxiety, depressive symptoms, exercise capacity, and disease-specific quality of life in adults with HF.

Use and perceptions of menthol versus non-menthol cigarettes among pregnant women.

Background: Menthol cigarette use among women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy is high, but little is known about the factors that contribute to preference for menthol cigarette use during pregnancy.

Objective: This study investigated preferences, perceptions, and intentions to use menthol vs. non-menthol cigarettes in a sample of pregnant women.

Electronic Cigarette Cessation among Adolescents and Young Adults.

Background: E-cigarette use is common among adolescents and young adults, yet little is known about e-cigarette cessation among this group. The current study assessed e-cigarette cessation attempts, interest in e-cigarette cessation, and methods of e-cigarette cessation most favored by young e-cigarette users.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered Facebook and Instagram between February and April 2019 to enroll current, regular e-cigarette using adolescents and young adults who reported non-regular use of other tobacco products.

Women's participation in stress management interventions for chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Stress management interventions (SMIs) can alleviate the psychosocial stress often experienced by women with heart failure. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to summarize women's participation rates, and predictors of participation, in SMIs for the management of psychosocial distress in women with chronic HF. Studies were retrieved from bibliographic databases, reference sections of relevant papers, and research registries.

Important Personal Values of Veterans Enrolled in Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation.

Background: Home-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) heavily relies on patients' personal motivation to engage in behavior change. Patients' core values (e.g.

Childhood Obesity Evidence Base Project: Methods for Taxonomy Development for Application in Taxonomic Meta-Analysis.

Meta-analysis has been used to examine the effectiveness of childhood obesity prevention efforts, yet traditional conventional meta-analytic methods restrict the kinds of studies included, and either narrowly define mechanisms and agents of change, or examine the effectiveness of whole interventions as opposed to the specific actions that comprise interventions. Taxonomic meta-analytic methods widen the aperture of what can be included in a meta-analysis data set, allowing for inclusion of many types of interventions and study designs. The National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research Childhood Obesity Evidence Base (COEB) project focuses on interventions intended to prevent childhood obesity in children 2-5 years old who have an outcome measure of BMI.

Childhood Obesity Evidence Base Project: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a New Taxonomy of Intervention Components to Improve Weight Status in Children 2-5 Years of Age, 2005-2019.

To evaluate the efficacy of childhood obesity interventions and conduct a taxonomy of intervention components that are most effective in changing obesity-related health outcomes in children 2-5 years of age. Comprehensive searches located 51 studies from 18,335 unique records. Eligible studies: (1) assessed children aged 2-5, living in the United States; (2) evaluated an intervention to improve weight status; (3) identified a same-aged comparison group; (4) measured BMI; and (5) were available between January 2005 and August 2019.

Childhood Obesity Evidence Base Project: A Rationale for Taxonomic versus Conventional Meta-Analysis.

There is a great need for analytic techniques that allow for the synthesis of learning across seemingly idiosyncratic interventions. The primary objective of this paper is to introduce taxonomic meta-analysis and explain how it is different from conventional meta-analysis. Conventional meta-analysis has previously been used to examine the effectiveness of childhood obesity prevention interventions.

Using Social Media to Recruit Youth Who Use Electronic Cigarettes.

Research is needed to inform effective regulatory policy that can help curb electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among youth. However, several challenges interfere with studying e-cigarette use among youth. Social media may provide an outlet to overcome these challenges.

Complementary and integrative health approaches to manage chronic pain in U.S. military populations: Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis, 1985-2019.

The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of complementary and integrative health (CIH) approaches for reducing pain intensity (primary outcome) and depressive symptoms (secondary outcome) as well as improving physical functioning (secondary outcome) among U.S. military personnel living with chronic pain.

Alcohol Consumption, Risky Sexual Behaviors, and HIV in Nigeria: A Meta-Analytic Review.

Background: Alcohol consumption is associated with risky sex, which increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV.

Objective: To examine the prevalence of, and associations among alcohol, risky sex, and HIV, in Nigeria.

Methods: We searched electronic databases and reviewed reference sections of relevant papers to locate studies that sampled people living in Nigeria and assessed both alcohol and sexual risk behavior.

Electronic cigarette use among heart failure patients: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study (Wave 1: 2013-2014).

Background: Smoking cessation is recommended for adults with heart failure (HF). The prevalence of e-cigarette use among adults with HF is unknown.

Objective: To determine prevalence of and reasons for e-cigarette use among adults with HF.

The impact of transcendental meditation on depressive symptoms and blood pressure in adults with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Transcendental Meditation (TM) as a stress management technique may offer an adjunctive strategy to improve health and well-being in adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Objectives: To examine the efficacy of TM to improve aspects of cardiovascular health and psychological functioning in adults with CVD.

Method: Studies (a) evaluating TM in adults with hypertension or CVD and (b) assessing a physiological or psychological outcome were retrieved and meta-analyzed.

Using Composite Scores to Summarize Adolescent Sexual Risk Behavior: Current State of the Science and Recommendations.

Composite scores offer the advantage of summarizing across multiple sexual risk behaviors to both simplify results and better capture the influence of core contextual, interpersonal, and intrapersonal dynamics that affect multiple sexual risk behaviors. There is inconsistency in how researchers utilize composite scores with minimal guidance on the advantages and disadvantages of frequently used approaches. Strengths and weaknesses of each approach are discussed in the context of assessing adolescent sexual risk behavior.

Waterpipe (hookah) tobacco use in pregnancy: use, preferences and perceptions of flavours.

Objective: Waterpipe tobacco (WPT; hookah) use is common in pregnant and reproductive-age women. Sweet flavours contribute to the appeal of WPT and are a potential regulatory target. This study investigated use, preferences and perceptions of WPT flavours in pregnant WPT users, and the impact of flavour preferences on preconception/prenatal WPT use and exposure biomarkers.

Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Adults with Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) report psychological distress and poor physical functioning and may benefit from mindfulness training.

Purpose: To examine the effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on psychological and physiological measures in adults with CVD using meta-analysis.

Methods: Comprehensive searches identified studies that (a) evaluated MBIs in adults with CVD or who had experienced a cardiac event, (b) included a comparison condition, and (c) assessed psychological (e.