Understanding risk and causal mechanisms for developing obesity in infants and young children: A National Institutes of Health workshop.

Obesity in children remains a major public health problem, with the current prevalence in youth ages 2-19 years estimated to be 19.7%. Despite progress in identifying risk factors, current models do not accurately predict development of obesity in early childhood.

Promoting toddlers' self-regulation and healthy eating habits among families living in poverty: A randomized controlled trial of Recipe 4 Success.

The Recipe 4 Success preventive intervention targeted multiple factors critical to the health and well-being of toddlers living in poverty. This randomized controlled trial, which was embedded within Early Head Start home visits for 12 weeks, included 242 racially and ethnically diverse families (51% girls; toddler mean age = 2.58 years; data collected 2016-2019).

Designing a childhood obesity preventive intervention using the multiphase optimization strategy: The Healthy Bodies Project.

Background/aims: Preventing the development of childhood obesity requires multilevel, multicomponent, comprehensive approaches. Study designs often do not allow for systematic evaluation of the efficacy of individual intervention components before the intervention is fully tested. As such, childhood obesity prevention programs may contain a mix of effective and ineffective components.

Mobilizing the Community to Implement Mass Coronavirus Disease-2019 Vaccination Clinics: The Power of Free and Charitable Clinics.

A free and charitable clinic successfully designed and implemented mass COVID-19 vaccination clinics in a semirural area in Central Pennsylvania. A total of 172 clinics were offered, approximately 500 volunteers were mobilized, and approximately 45,000 vaccine doses were administered. Partnering with local schools, universities, and recreation centers to offer mass vaccination clinics made it possible to expand the clinic's reach beyond its own patients.

Measuring adolescents' eating in the absence of hunger in the home environment using subjective and objective measures.

Eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) has been identified as a behavioral phenotype for obesity. Few studies have reported on objective measures of EAH in adolescents, and fewer yet have objectively measured EAH in a naturalistic, home setting. The purpose of this paper was to examine relations between objective, adolescent-report and parent-report measures of EAH, and to examine variation by sex and race.

Profiles of Behavioral Self-Regulation and Appetitive Traits in Preschool Children: Associations With BMI and Food Parenting Practices.

Appetitive traits that contribute to appetite self-regulation have been shown to relate to non-food-related regulation in general domains of child development. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify typologies of preschool children's behavioral self-regulation (BSR) and appetitive traits related to appetite self-regulation (ASR), and we examined their relation with children's BMIz and food parenting practices. Participants included 720 children and their parents (90% mothers), drawn from the baseline assessment of a childhood obesity preventive intervention.

Examining the Role of Food Form on Children's Self-Regulation of Energy Intake.

Increasing childhood obesity rates in both the United States and worldwide demonstrate a need for better prevention and intervention strategies. However, little is understood about what factors influence children's ability to sense and respond to hunger and fullness cues, a critical component of self-regulation of energy intake and maintenance of a healthy body weight. Research in adults suggests that food form may influence self-regulation of energy intake.

Family Psychosocial Assets, Child Behavioral Regulation, and Obesity.

Background And Objectives: Little attention has been given to the study of early childhood factors that protect against the development of obesity and severe obesity. We investigated whether exposure to familial psychosocial assets and risks in infancy (1-15 months) and early childhood (24-54 months) and child behavioral regulation in early childhood predict longitudinal change in BMI (2 to 15 years).

Methods: Participants included 1077 predominantly non-Hispanic, White, English-speaking mother-child dyads from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development dataset.

Validation of a Classroom Version of the Eating in the Absence of Hunger Paradigm in Preschoolers.

Eating in the absence of hunger (EAH), a measure of children's propensity to eat beyond satiety in the presence of highly palatable food, has been associated with childhood obesity and later binge eating behavior. The EAH task is typically conducted in a research laboratory setting, which is resource intensive and lacks ecological validity. Assessing EAH in a group classroom setting is feasible and may be a more efficient alternative, but the validity of the classroom assessment against the traditional individually-administered paradigm has not been tested.

Improving Toddlers' Healthy Eating Habits and Self-regulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives: In this study, we tested whether Recipe 4 Success, a preventive intervention featuring structured food preparation lessons, was successful in improving the following 4 protective factors related to overweight and obesity among families living in poverty: toddlers' healthy eating habits, toddlers' self-regulation, parents' responsive feeding practices, and parents' sensitive scaffolding.

Methods: This randomized controlled trial was open to families enrolled in Early Head Start home visits and included 73 parents and their toddlers aged 18 to 36 months. Multimethod assessments were conducted at baseline and posttreatment.

Executive Function and BMI Trajectories Among Rural, Poor Youth at High Risk for Obesity.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify longitudinal trajectories of conjoint development of executive function (EF) and obesity among a diverse sample of poor, rural youth and to evaluate individual differences in infant growth, parental BMI, and cumulative risk.

Methods: Participants included 948 youth from the Family Life Project. Child anthropometrics were measured at 2 and 6 months and at 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 12 years.

Off the Charts: Identifying and Visualizing Body Mass Index Trajectories of Rural, Poor Youth.

Objectives: To identify body mass index (BMI) trajectories using methods and graphing tools that maintain and visualize variability of BMIs ≥95th percentile, and to investigate individual differences in early sociodemographic risk, infant growth and feeding patterns, and maternal weight status among these trajectories.

Study Design: Participants included 1041 predominantly rural, poor families from the Family Life Project, a longitudinal birth cohort. Youth anthropometrics were measured 8 times between ages 2 months and 12 years.

Positive parenting approaches and their association with child eating and weight: A narrative review from infancy to adolescence.

Parents play a critical role in the development of children's eating behaviours and weight status, serving as providers, models and regulators of the food environment. Many research reviews have focused on the robust body of evidence on coercive control in feeding: how parenting practices such as restriction and pressure to eat increase children's risk for developing undesirable eating behaviours and unhealthy weight outcomes. Fewer reviews adopt a strengths-based perspective focusing on the ways that parents can actively support the development of healthy eating behaviours and weight trajectories.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health Conditions Among Adolescents.

Purpose: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked with poor physical and mental health. This study examined adult respondents' (e.g.

Biobehavioral Dysregulation and its Association with Obesity and Severe Obesity Trajectories from 2 to 15 Years of Age: A Longitudinal Study.

Objective: This study aimed to identify obesity trajectories from childhood to adolescence (2-15 years of age) and investigate differences in behavioral, eating, and adrenocortical regulation by trajectory membership.

Methods: A total of 1,077 households from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were included. Anthropometrics were measured 11 times between ages 15 months and 15 years.

Youth involvement in food preparation practices at home: A multi-method exploration of Latinx youth experiences and perspectives.

Youth are frequently involved in preparing meals for themselves and family members. Latinx youth may be more likely to be involved in food preparation compared to youth from other ethnic backgrounds. Involvement in food preparation has been linked to various positive health outcomes, such as better diet quality and higher self-esteem.

Association of Caloric Intake From Sugar-Sweetened Beverages With Water Intake Among US Children and Young Adults in the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

This study uses data from the 2011 through 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to assess the association between intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and water intake status among US children and young adults.

Visualizing Perceived Enablers of and Barriers to Healthy Eating by Youth in Rural El Salvador.

Objective: To explore the perceived environmental enablers for and barriers to healthy eating among rural Salvadoran youth.

Methods: A photovoice activity was implemented at a grade school located in a rural region of northeastern El Salvador.

Results: Nine female and 8 male youth aged 8-12 years participated.

Diabetes Knowledge, Management, and Prevention Among Haitian Immigrants in Philadelphia.

Purpose Guided by the PEN-3 Cultural Model, the purpose of this study is to generate culturally framed insight into diabetes knowledge, management, and prevention among Haitians. Despite the disproportionate distribution of type II diabetes mellitus among US minorities, limited research explores outcomes within racial ethnic groups. It is particularly important to disaggregate the large racial-ethnic groups of black given the population growth among foreign-born blacks, such as Haitians, whose population has more than quadrupled in recent decades.

U.S. Migrant Networks and Adult Cardiometabolic Health in El Salvador.

Heightened prevalence of cardiometabolic health conditions in areas where infectious disease remains a major public health concern has created an especially challenging situation for developing countries, like El Salvador. Individuals living within migrant households where migrant networks are present may be at a greater risk for the development of cardiometabolic health conditions. Using data from the 2007 El Salvador database of the Latin American Migration Project (LAMP-ESLS4), this study investigates relations between financial remittances, familial U.

Physical activity perceptions, context, barriers, and facilitators from a Hispanic child's perspective.

Background: In order to develop effective physical activity interventions and to address the burden of obesity in Hispanic children, qualitative studies are needed to build descriptive theory and expand the state of the science. The purpose of this study is to describe physical activity perceptions, context, facilitators, and barriers from the perspective of Hispanic immigrant-origin children.

Method: This in-depth, ethnographic study included 14, 6- to 11-year old, first- and second- generation Hispanic children recruited from an afterschool program in Southeastern Pennsylvania, USA.