The aerial epidermis is a major site of quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis in narrow-leafed lupin.

Lupins are promising protein crops that accumulate toxic quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) in the seeds, complicating their end-use. QAs are synthesized in green organs (leaves, stems, and pods) and a subset of them is transported to the seeds during fruit development. The exact sites of biosynthesis and accumulation remain unknown; however, mesophyll cells have been proposed as sources, and epidermal cells as sinks.

The Rauvolfia tetraphylla genome suggests multiple distinct biosynthetic routes for yohimbane monoterpene indole alkaloids.

Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a structurally diverse family of specialized metabolites mainly produced in Gentianales to cope with environmental challenges. Due to their pharmacological properties, the biosynthetic modalities of several MIA types have been elucidated but not that of the yohimbanes. Here, we combine metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and genome sequencing of Rauvolfia tetraphylla with machine learning to discover the unexpected multiple actors of this natural product synthesis.

Tissue-specific stilbene accumulation is an early response to wounding/grafting as revealed by using spatial and temporal metabolomics.

Grafting is widely used in horticulture. Shortly after grafting, callus tissues appear at the graft interface and the vascular tissues of the scion and rootstock connect. The graft interface contains a complex mix of tissues, we hypothesised that each tissue has its own metabolic response to wounding/grafting and accumulates different metabolites at different rates.

Spatial localization of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids in Rauvolfia tetraphylla by high resolution mass spectrometry imaging.

Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a large group of biosynthetic compounds, which have pharmacological properties. One of these MIAs, reserpine, was discovered in the 1950s and has shown properties as an anti-hypertension and anti-microbial agent. Reserpine was found to be produced in various plant species within the genus of Rauvolfia.

Leaves of Cannabis sativa and their trichomes studied by DESI and MALDI mass spectrometry imaging for their contents of cannabinoids and flavonoids.

Introduction: In recent years, industrial production of Cannabis sativa has increased due to increased demand of medicinal products based on the plant. In these medicinal products, it is mainly the contents of cannabinoids like THCA and CBDA which are of interest, but also the flavonoids of C. sativa have pharmaceutical interest.

Management of information between two nursing contexts.

This paper presents the results of a study in which hospital and home care nurses were asked to respond to a questionnaire about the structures and content of their information exchange when patients need post-hospital nursing care. The hospital nurses' satisfaction with using an electronic patient record is also reported. The results shows that the organizational context in which nurses work has implications for how the two nursing group assess their information management.

Nurses' information management at patients' discharge from hospital to home care.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore and compare hospital and home care nurses' assessment of their information management at patients' discharge from hospital to home care before and after the hospital implemented an electronic nursing discharge note.

Theory: This paper draws on the concept of inter-organizational continuity of care, and specifically addresses the contribution of the implementation of an electronic patient record (EPR).

Methods: The study has a prospective descriptive design.

Cancer patients' opinions concerning post-treatment follow-up.

Cancer is one of the most serious and widespread diseases known. Statistics show that of about 4 million Norwegians, every third person will be afflicted by some form of cancer during one's lifetime. Around 20,000 Norwegians receive this diagnosis yearly.

A philosophical analysis of the concept empowerment; the fundament of an education-programme to the frail elderly.

The word 'empowerment' has become a popular term, widely used as an important claim, also within the health services. In this paper the concept's philosophical roots are traced from Freire and his 'Pedagogy of the Oppressed' to the philosophical thoughts of Hegel, Habermas, and Sartre. An understanding of the concept, as a way to facilitate coping and well-being in patients through reflection and dialogue, emerges.

Nurses' information management across complex health care organizations.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this study was to describe the information management used by hospital and home care nurses for patients in need of continuing care after an episode of hospitalization.

Method: A prospective descriptive design was used. In total 287 hospital nurses and 220 home care nurses were asked to complete a questionnaire before and after the hospital implemented nursing documentation integrated in the electronic patient record (EPR).

Inter-organizational continuity of care and the electronic patient record: a concept development.

There is an expectation that the use of electronic patient records will contribute to continuity of care across organizations for the growing number of elderly and chronically ill people who need continuing nursing care after an episode of hospitalization. This article aims to explore the concept of inter-organizational continuity of care and to address the contribution, expectations and promises associated with the advent of the electronic patient record. A content analysis of the literature concerning concept development provided a model which indicates that inter-organizational continuity is a multidimensional concept, comprising individual and organizational perspectives with qualitative and quantitative properties.

Challenging the information gap--the patients transfer from hospital to home health care.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this paper is to identify the information that nurses in hospitals exchange with nurses in home health care (HHC), and what nurses perceive to be the most significant information to exchange.

Method: Nurses have an obligation to support and ensure continuity of patient care and to prevent an information gap when patients are transferred from one organizational of health care delivery to another organizational level, for example, from hospital to home health care. In an ongoing prospective study, nurses' pre-electronic nursing discharge note and their assessment of the information it was necessary to exchange at the same time was audited and analyzed.

Norwegian families: transition to parenthood.

Our purpose in conducting this study was to explore relationships among family dynamics, parent-fetal attachment, and infant temperament in 230 mother-father pairs from the third trimester of pregnancy to when their infant was 7 to 9 months old. Mothers reported increased role conflict during this time, as well as more role conflict than their partners. First-time parents (n = 133) perceived more positive family dynamics than second-time parents (n = 97), as well as greater parent-fetal attachment.

Ethical issues after the disclosure of a terminal illness: Danish and Norwegian hospice nurses' reflections.

This research explored the ethical issues that nurses reported in the process of elaboration and further disclosure after an initial diagnosis of a terminal illness had been given. One hundred and six hospice nurses in Norway and Denmark completed a questionnaire containing 45 items of forced-choice and open-ended questions. This questionnaire was tested and used in three countries prior to this study; for this research it was tested on Danish and Norwegian nurses.

Advanced practice nursing in the Nordic countries.

Changes in the delivery of health care and changes in population characteristics and health care requirements mandate changing requirements in nursing education. This is necessary to meet patient and family needs and to deliver quality health care. This paper describes the background to nursing education in the Nordic countries and gives an account of an initiative in Norway to prepare advanced practice nurses for clinical practice in this dynamic environment.

Including patient preferences in nurses' assessment of older patients.

The refinement of a patient assessment tool for older patients, Lorensen's Self-Care Capability Scale, is described where a systematic elicitation of patient preferences is included in the assessment. This study tests a decision analytic approach as a strategy for formalizing subjective judgement, which makes it possible to include patients' own values and preferences in planning patient care. Applying this technique to patient assessment contributes to explicitly tailoring nursing care decisions to desired outcomes as preferred by individual patients.

Decision support for assessing patient preferences for geriatric care.

This paper describes a pilot study that tested the strategy and feasibility of a decision support system (DSS) that assists nurses in integrating patients' preferences for self-care functions in the assessment of elderly patients. 12 elderly clients and a clinical nurse specialist (CNS) participated in this study. The CNS reported the assessment strategy to be very helpful to learn about patients' strengths and weaknesses in self-care functioning.

Developing a translation of the McGill pain questionnaire for cross-cultural comparison: an example from Norway.

The ability to measure pain across diverse cultures is important for understanding the universal aspects of pain and expediting nursing intervention. The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) is the most valid and reliable single multidimensional pain instrument available for measuring pain. Although it has been translated in several languages, most efforts, including two Norwegian translations, have resulted in a variety of new versions, all lacking sufficient faithfulness to the original MPQ to allow qualitative or quantitative cross-cultural comparisons.

Nursing management in the Nordic countries: a health system perspective.

Top-level nursing management by chief nurses is greatly needed to improve health services and their outcomes in all countries. But the question is: What knowledge and which skills are required for executive leadership and how important are each? The answers have come from over 150 chief nurses in five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) who responded to a mail survey and, in doing so, contributed to a better understanding of nursing management's function, main knowledge and skill requirements.

Management and leadership by nurses.

Good management and leadership by nurses is essential for the achievement of health for all. Well-prepared nurses are required locally and nationally who can identify problems and needs, work on interdisciplinary teams to formulate development plans for human resources, improve working conditions, and raise the quality of care at reasonable cost.

Patient-nurse collaboration: a comparison of patients' and nurses' attitudes in Finland, Japan, Norway, and the U.S.A.

While there has been an increasing emphasis on patients' participation in decisions concerning health care and nursing in the literature as an ideal, it is not clear to what extent patients and nurses assume the consumerist attitude regarding health-care decision making. With the view that attitudes people hold regarding their role in health care and nursing will primarily affect the way they behave in health-care situations, a multinational study was carried out to examine five sets of attitudes regarding consumerism held by patients in acute-care hospitals and nurses working in them. The findings from the surveys in Finland, Japan, Norway, and the U.

Cross-cultural testing of the "appraisal of self-care agency: ASA scale" in Norway.

The purpose of this study was to test the discriminant validity and interrater reliability of an instrument that measures aspects of self-care agency using Norwegian populations. The ASA scale forms A and B, which had been tested in the Netherlands previously, were translated into Norwegian and administered to two groups of elderly subjects and to a sample of geriatric nurses and nursing assistants in Norway. The subjects, one group from two geriatric rehabilitation units, and another from those living independently who were attending activity centres, completed the ASA-A scale.

Higher education via satellite.

With the rapid advances in health, medical and technological fields, there is a pressing need for more nurses to obtain higher university degrees and continuing education in order to deliver quality care. Advanced education is necessary for not only nurse teachers but also clinical nurses. Yet access and familial duties often impede further study.