Obesogenicity perception of food environments in adults: A cross-sectional study in urban areas of Santiago, Chile.

Introduction: In Chile, there is a high prevalence of obesity, and most people have an inadequate quality of food. Food environments can constitute barriers that prevent healthy food choices and lead to overweight and obesity, as well as diet-related non-communicable diseases. There are international instruments that allow the characterization of food environments.

Rethinking the Social Determination of Food in Chile Through Practices and Interactions of Actors in Food Environments: Nonexperimental, Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Food environments are crucial for promoting healthy and sustainable eating and preventing obesity. However, existing food environment frameworks assume an already installed causality and do not explain how associations in food environments are established or articulated, especially from an integrative and transdisciplinary approach. This research attempts to bridge these gaps through the use of Actor-Network Theory, which traces the relationship network between human (and nonhuman) actors in order to describe how these interact and what agencies (direct or remote) are involved.

Relationship between body mass index and residential segregation in large cities of Latin America.

Background: Obesity is a global health problem, and its connection with social and environmental factors is well-established. Social factors, such as urban segregation, may impact obesity through various mechanisms, including food and physical activity environments, as well as social norms and networks. This multilevel study aims to examine the effect of socio-economic residential segregation of Latin American cities on the obesity of individuals within those cities.

[Strategies on critical levels and nodes to improve self-management in people with cardiovascular risk factors in COVID-19 pandemic conditions].

Background: Chile faced the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic, which coexisted with food-nutritional problems related to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Due to this context, individuals with chronic conditions had less chance to receive medical attention due to the restructuring of the public health system.

Objective: The present study aimed to identify strategies that integrate the individual, community, and structural levels to improve health control in habitual and critical situations.

[Roles within domestic environments in Chile: the "food gatekeeper"].

Introduction: this project studied the roles played in the food cycle within the domestic environment, revisiting the concept of the "food gatekeeper". Methods: information was obtained from 10 ethnographies and 24 in-depth interviews with people responsible for food tasks in low-income households in Santiago, Chile, during the pandemic. A thematic analysis was conducted from the framework of food environments and gender.

Food insecurity in Chilean university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Food and nutrition were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing levels of food insecurity. University students were a risk group for food insecurity due to the closure of educational establishments where they received their main meals.

Aim: To assess food insecurity among Chilean public university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Analysis of the Chilean health promotion policy "Choose a Healthy Lifestyle".

Background: Intersectoral health promotion initiatives in Chile to address obesity and non- communicable diseases have had a long history in Chile, but also a high degree of changes in their design, implementation, and financing.

Aim: To analyze the "Choose a Healthy Lifestyle" enacted by Law 20,670 under Sabatier's "Advocacy Coalition Framework" (ACF), addressing the political discussion and its execution in the subsequent governing coalitions (2011-2022).

Material And Methods: The ACF components are the following: external events, coalitions, policy subsystem (health promotion), and policy brokers.

Correction: Effects of sociodemographic and health factors on the self-management of non-communicable diseases among Chilean adults during the Covid-19 pandemic.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.

The impact of health policies and the COVID-19 pandemic on exclusive breastfeeding in Chile during 2009-2020.

In 2011, Chile added 12 mandatory extra weeks of maternity leave (ML). In January 2015, a pay-for-performance (P4P) strategy was included in the primary healthcare system, incorporating exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) promotion actions. The COVID-19 pandemic led to healthcare access difficulties and augmented household workloads.

[Right to food in the Chilean constitution: legal, social and nutritional elements for a proposal].

Background: The Human Right to Food is not incorporated in the Chilean Constitution.

Aim: To identify the legal, social, and nutritional elements for its incorporation into the new Constitution, and to draft a text proposal for the constituent discussion.

Material And Methods: Descriptive and qualitative study on the perceptions of experts and key actors of the food chain in Chile.

Effects of sociodemographic and health factors on the self-management of non-communicable diseases among Chilean adults during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Individuals with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are potentially at increased vulnerability during the Covid-19 pandemic and require additional help to reduce risk. Self-management is one effective strategy and this study investigated the effect of sociodemographic and health factors on the self-management of some non-communicable diseases, namely hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, among Chilean adults during the Covid-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional telephone survey was carried out on 910 participants with NCDs, from Santiago, Chile.

City features related to obesity in preschool children: a cross-sectional analysis of 159 cities in six Latin American countries.

Background: Childhood obesity is a rising global health problem. The rapid urbanization experienced in Latin America might impact childhood obesity through different pathways involving urban built and social features of cities. We aimed to evaluate the association between built and social environment features of cities and childhood obesity across countries and cities in Latin America.

Smoking Ban Law in Chile: Impact in Newborns' Birth Weight by Women's Age Groups and by City Population Density.

We examined the short-term impact of the Smoking Ban Law (SBL) enacted in Chile in 2013 on low birth weight (LBW) rates in cities and its differential effects by different maternal age groups and city density. We included 885,880 live births from 21 Chilean cities of ≥100,000 inhabitants. We examined the smoking and LBW prevalence distribution before and after the SBL.

A description of Chilean food and nutrition health policies.

Background: Chile has implemented numerous successful food and nutrition initiatives since the early 20th century, aiming to address malnutrition in all its forms.

Aim: To summarize the major nutrition and food-related policies, strategies, and programs implemented in Chile, using the NOURI-SHING Framework.

Material And Methods: The NOURISHING framework proposes a methodology for reporting, monitoring, and categorizing actions to promote healthier eating in three main domains: food environment, food system and behavior change communication.

Association of education level with diabetes prevalence in Latin American cities and its modification by city social environment.

Background: Diabetes prevalence continues to increase in urban areas of low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC). Evidence from high-income countries suggests an inverse association between educational attainment and diabetes, but research in LMIC is limited. We investigated educational differences in diabetes prevalence across 232 Latin American (LA) cities, and the extent to which these inequities vary across countries/cities and are modified by city socioeconomic factors.

Changes in Nutrient Declaration after the Food Labeling and Advertising Law in Chile: A Longitudinal Approach.

Chile has implemented several strategies to decrease the burden of obesity and chronic diseases. The Food Labeling and Advertising Law (Law 20.606) requires a front-of-package "high in" warning label when energy and nutrients of concern (ENC) (total sugar, saturated fats, sodium) exceed established limits.

Relationship between age at giving fortified powdered cow's milk and cessation of breastfeeding on the nutritional status of a Chilean child cohort followed from birth to 3 years of age.

Background/objectives: To examine how much of the variation in weight-for-height (WHZ) z-scores were associated with age at which breastfeeding ceased and provision of fortified cow's milk (Leche Purita Fortificada, LPF) commenced in a cohort of children studied from birth to 3 years of age.

Subjects/methods: Longitudinal data were obtained from routine medical check-ups on 8373 children from nine Chilean counties through convenience sampling. WHZ z-scores were generated at six-monthly intervals using WHO 2006 standards from birth to 3 years old (seven measurements).

[The relation between overweight and obesity in preschool children with socioeconomic level and environment of Chilean districts: An ecological study].

Objective: To analyze the association between the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children younger than six years of age cared for in the primary healthcare setting with socioeconomic level and environment of Chilean districts.

Methods: We conducted an ecological study to analyze the correlation between the prevalence of overweight and obesity and indicators of socioeconomic status (poverty by income and multidimensional poverty) and district environment and surroundings (green areas and crime reporting rate for crimes of significant social connotation). Furthermore, we performed four simple linear regression models with the correlated variables.

Home parenteral nutrition in pediatric patients with intestinal insufficiency.

Introduction: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has been shown to offer important benefits for pa tients and the health system. In Chile, the number of patients who are receiving this type of treatment or who could be candidates for it is unknown. Objetive: To determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of patients with intestinal insufficiency (II) currently receiving HPN or who are can didates for it.