Difficult-to-Treat Infections in Critically Ill Patients: A Comprehensive Review and Treatment Proposal.

The management of infections caused by difficult-to-treat in critically ill patients poses a significant challenge. Optimal antibiotic therapy is crucial for patient prognosis, yet the numerous resistance mechanisms of , which may even combine, complicate the selection of an appropriate antibiotic. In this review, we examine the epidemiology, resistance mechanisms, risk factors, and available and future therapeutic options, as well as strategies for treatment optimization.

Immunomodulatory therapy for the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19: A narrative review.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding the physiological and immunological processes underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is vital for the identification and rational design of effective therapies.

Aim: To describe the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the immune system and the subsequent contribution of hyperinflammation and abnormal immune responses to disease progression together with a complete narrative review of the different immunoadjuvant treatments used so far in COVID-19 and their indication in severe and life-threatening subsets.