The classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung and digestive system according to WHO, 5th edition: similarities, differences, challenges, and unmet needs.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a group of disease entities sharing common morphological, ultrastructural and immunophenotypical features, yet with distinct biological behavior and clinical outcome, ranging from benign to frankly malignant. Accordingly, a spectrum of therapeutic options for each single entity is available, including somatostatin analogues (SSA), mTOR-inhibitors, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), non-platinum and platinum chemotherapy. In the last few decades, several attempts have been made to better stratify these lesions refining the pathological classifications, so as to obtain an optimal correspondence between the scientific terminology and, the predictive and prognostic features of each disease subtype, and achieve a global Classification encompassing NENs arising at different anatomical sites.

EBV-Driven Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Spectrum of Entities with a Common Denominator (Part 3).

EBV is the first known oncogenic virus involved in the development of several tumors. The majority of the global population are infected with the virus early in life and the virus persists throughout life, in a latent stage, and usually within B lymphocytes. Despite the worldwide diffusion of EBV infection, EBV-associated diseases develop in only in a small subset of individuals often when conditions of immunosuppression disrupt the balance between the infection and host immune system.

What Do We Have to Know about PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Literature Review. Part 2: Clinic-Pathologic Correlations.

Many studies have investigated the potential prognostic and predictive role of PD-L1 in prostatic carcinoma (PC). We performed a systematic literature review (PRISMA guidelines) to critically evaluate human tissue-based studies (immunohistochemistry, molecular analysis, etc.), experimental research (cell lines, mouse models), and clinical trials.

Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Systemic Mastocytosis: The Need of a Multidisciplinary Approach.

Mastocytosis represents a heterogeneous group of neoplastic mast cell disorders. The basic classification into a skin-limited disease and a systemic form with multi-organ involvement remains valid. Systemic mastocytosis is a disease often hard to diagnose, characterized by different symptoms originating from either the release of mast cell mediators or organ damage due to mast cell infiltration.

Persistent Response and Prolonged Survival Following Pembrolizumab Discontinuation Due to Long-Lasting Autoimmune Colitis in Advanced NSCLC: A Case Report.

Pembrolizumab is a programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitor that has been approved for treatment of a wide variety of malignancies including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immune-mediated colitis is a known adverse effect of pembrolizumab which can lead to the treatment interruption, although not compromising the control of the oncological disease. Herein, we report the case of a 59-year-old woman on pembrolizumab for advanced NSCLC which developed a severe and persistent colitis treated with infliximab for several months following anti-PD-1 antibody discontinuation.

How Can We Treat Vulvar Carcinoma in Pregnancy? A Systematic Review of the Literature.

According to our systematic literature review (PRISMA guidelines), only 37 vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (VSCCs) were diagnosed during pregnancy (age range: 17-41 years). The tumor size range was 0.3-15 cm.

Oral plasmablastic lymphoma: A case report.

Introduction: Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an uncommon and aggressive large B-cell lymphoma commonly diagnosed in human immunodeficiency viruses -positive patients. Oral cavity is the most commonly PBL affected site. Most oral PBLs presented as asymptomatic swellings, frequently associated with ulcerations and bleeding.

Acute Radiation Colitis after Preoperative Short-Course Radiotherapy for Rectal Cancer: A Morphological, Immunohistochemical and Genetic Study.

Preoperative radiotherapy is a widely accepted treatment procedure in rectal cancer. Radiation-induced changes in the tumor are well described, whereas less attention has been given to the non-neoplastic mucosa. Our aim is to provide a detailed analysis of the morphological features present in non-neoplastic mucosa that pathologists need to be familiar with, in order to avoid misdiagnosis, when evaluating rectal cancer specimens of patients preoperatively treated with radiotherapy, especially with short-course regimen.

Germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder: a systematic review.

Germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder is a rare and rather enigmatic novel entity with distinctive clinicopathological features, one of which is the typical co-infection by Human herpesvirus 8 and Epstein-Barr virus. Human herpesvirus 8 is a lymphotropic virus detected in Kaposi sarcoma, multicentric Castleman disease, primary effusion lymphoma, Human herpesvirus 8-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma not otherwise specified, and germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder. Co-infection by Human herpesvirus 8 and Epstein-Barr virus is identified only in two lymphoproliferative diseases: germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder and primary effusion lymphoma, which are otherwise diseases with totally different clinical presentations and outcomes.

A tricky and rare cause of pulmonary eosinophilia: myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA.

Background: Eosinophilic lung diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders with prominent infiltrate of eosinophils in lung interstitium and alveolar spaces. Peripheral blood eosinophilia is often present. Infections, drugs, allergens, toxic agents have to be evaluated as possible causes of eosinophilic lung infiltrates.

Correction to: Management of duodenal stump fistula after gastrectomy for malignant disease: a systematic review of the literature.

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors have notified us that due to administrative reasons they would like to modify the first affiliation from.

Fibrin-associated large B-cell lymphoma: first case report within a cerebral artery aneurysm and literature review.

Background: Fibrin-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (FA-DLBCL) is a rare Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive lymphoproliferative disorder included in the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification. It arises within fibrinous material in the context of hematomas, pseudocysts, cardiac myxoma or in relation with prosthetic devices. In these clinical settings the diagnosis requires an high index of suspicion, because it does not form a mass itself, being composed of small foci of neoplastic cells.

Management of duodenal stump fistula after gastrectomy for malignant disease: a systematic review of the literature.

Background: Duodenal stump fistula (DSF) remains one of the most serious complications following subtotal or total gastrectomy, as it endangers patient's life. DSF is related to high mortality (16-20%) and morbidity (75%) rates. DSF-related morbidity always leads to longer hospitalization times due to medical and surgical complications such as wound infections, intra-abdominal abscesses, intra-abdominal bleeding, acute pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, severe malnutrition, fluids and electrolytes disorders, diffuse peritonitis, and pneumonia.

Gastrointestinal Mastocytosis: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall to Be Aware.

Mastocytosis is a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders that may be limited to the skin and even spontaneously regress or may have a systemic presentation with multi-organ involvement and poor outcome. Among the extracutaneous sites, gastrointestinal tract is often affected, but nonspecific clinical manifestations combined with subtle histological findings of the disease makes the diagnosis of gastrointestinal mastocytosis rather hard. In absence of a high index of suspicion, gastrointestinal involvement is easily overlooked.

Laparoscopic approach to an incidentally found pelvic retroperitoneal liposarcoma: Case report and review.

Rationale: Well-differentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS) are rare retroperitoneal tumors that can reach significant size as they can grow without constrains before becoming symptomatic. Laparotomic open radical tumor resection represents the most common surgical approach.

Patient Concerns: A mass with "fat fluid level" was found in the right pelvis of an asymptomatic woman undergoing routine transvaginal ultrasound: the preoperative diagnosis was right mature ovarian teratoma.