In , RNA-Induced Silencing Complex-Loading of MicroRNAs Plays a Minor Regulatory Role During Photomorphogenesis Except for miR163.

The shift of dark-grown seedlings to the light leads to substantial reprogramming of gene expression, which results in dramatic developmental changes (referred to as de-etiolation or photomorphogenesis). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate most steps of plant development, thus miRNAs might play important role in transcriptional reprogramming during de-etiolation. Indeed, miRNA biogenesis mutants show aberrant de-etiolation.

Changes in resistance pattern of ESKAPE pathogens between 2010 and 2020 in the clinical center of University of Szeged, Hungary.

The acronym ESKAPE stands for six antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens namely, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. Monitoring their resistance is an important task for clinical microbiology laboratories. Our aim was to analyze the resistance patterns of these bacteria over ten years in clinical samples of our department.

Ingol and Ingenol-Type Diterpenes from Miller with Keratinocyte Inhibitory Activity.

Ingenol mebutate, isolated from , is an ingenane-type diterpenoid, primarily used for the topical treatment of actinic keratosis, a premalignant skin condition. The aim of our work was to investigate other species to find structurally similar diterpenes that can be used as alternatives to ingenol mebutate. Pharmacological investigation of , , , and revealed the potent keratinocyte (HPV-Ker cell line) inhibitory activity of these spurge species.

Argonaute 2 Controls Antiviral Activity against Sweet Potato Mild Mottle Virus in .

RNA silencing is a sequence specific post-transcriptional mechanism regulating important biological processes including antiviral defense in plants. Argonaute (AGO) proteins, the catalytic subunits of the silencing complexes, are loaded with small RNAs to execute the sequence specific RNA cleavage or translational inhibition. Plants encode several AGO proteins and a few of them, especially AGO1 and AGO2, have been shown to be required for antiviral silencing.

Wild Strawberry, Blackberry, and Blueberry Leaf Extracts Alleviate Starch-Induced Hyperglycemia in Prediabetic and Diabetic Mice.

Intestinal -glucosidase and -amylase break down nutritional poly- and oligosaccharides to monosaccharides and their activity significantly contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia. Competitive inhibitors of these enzymes, such as acarbose, are effective antidiabetic drugs, but have unpleasant side effects. In our ethnopharmacology inspired investigations, we found that wild strawberry (), blackberry (), and European blueberry () leaf extracts inhibit -glucosidase and -amylase enzyme activity and are effective in preventing postprandial hyperglycemia .

A viral suppressor of RNA silencing inhibits ARGONAUTE 1 function by precluding target RNA binding to pre-assembled RISC.

In most eukaryotes, RNA silencing is an adaptive immune system regulating key biological processes including antiviral defense. To evade this response, viruses of plants, worms and insects have evolved viral suppressors of RNA silencing proteins (VSRs). Various VSRs, such as P1 from Sweet potato mild mottle virus (SPMMV), inhibit the activity of RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs) including an ARGONAUTE (AGO) protein loaded with a small RNA.

Tobacco rattle virus 16K silencing suppressor binds ARGONAUTE 4 and inhibits formation of RNA silencing complexes.

The cysteine-rich 16K protein of tobacco rattle virus (TRV), the type member of the genus Tobravirus, is known to suppress RNA silencing. However, the mechanism of action of the 16K suppressor is not well understood. In this study, we used a GFP-based sensor strategy and an Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay in Nicotiana benthamiana to show that 16K was unable to inhibit the activity of existing small interfering RNA (siRNA)- and microRNA (miRNA)-programmed RNA-induced silencing effector complexes (RISCs).

The Absence of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine Causes Attenuation of Virulence of Candida albicans upon Interaction with Vaginal Epithelial Cells In Vitro.

To better understand the molecular events underlying vulvovaginal candidiasis, we established an in vitro system. Immortalized vaginal epithelial cells were infected with live, yeast form C. albicans and C.

Switching on RNA silencing suppressor activity by restoring argonaute binding to a viral protein.

We found that Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) P1, a close homologue of Sweet potato mild mottle virus P1, did not have any silencing suppressor activity. Remodeling the Argonaute (AGO) binding domain of SPFMV P1 by the introduction of two additional WG/GW motifs converted it to a silencing suppressor with AGO binding capacity. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of the transformation of a viral protein of unknown function to a functional silencing suppressor.

Viral protein inhibits RISC activity by argonaute binding through conserved WG/GW motifs.

RNA silencing is an evolutionarily conserved sequence-specific gene-inactivation system that also functions as an antiviral mechanism in higher plants and insects. To overcome antiviral RNA silencing, viruses express silencing-suppressor proteins. These viral proteins can target one or more key points in the silencing machinery.

Inhibition of 3' modification of small RNAs in virus-infected plants require spatial and temporal co-expression of small RNAs and viral silencing-suppressor proteins.

Plant viruses are inducers and targets of RNA silencing. Viruses counteract with RNA silencing by expressing silencing-suppressor proteins. Many of the identified proteins bind siRNAs, which prevents assembly of silencing effector complexes, and also interfere with their 3' methylation, which protects them against degradation.

Analysis of siRNA-suppressor of gene silencing interactions.

RNA silencing is an evolutionarily conserved system that functions as an antiviral mechanism in higher plants and animals. To counteract RNA silencing, viruses evolved silencing suppressors that interfere with siRNA guided RNA silencing pathway. We used the heterologous Drosophila in vitro embryo RNA to analyze the molecular mechanism of suppression of silencing suppressors.

The NS3 protein of Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus suppresses RNA silencing in plant and insect hosts by efficiently binding both siRNAs and miRNAs.

RNA silencing plays a key role in antiviral defense as well as in developmental processes in plants and insects. Negative strand RNA viruses such as the plant virus Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus (RHBV) replicate in plants and in their insect transmission vector. Like most plant-infecting viruses, RHBV encodes an RNA silencing suppressor, the NS3 protein, and here it is demonstrated that this protein is capable of suppressing RNA silencing in both plants and insect cells.

Double-stranded RNA binding may be a general plant RNA viral strategy to suppress RNA silencing.

In plants, RNA silencing (RNA interference) is an efficient antiviral system, and therefore successful virus infection requires suppression of silencing. Although many viral silencing suppressors have been identified, the molecular basis of silencing suppression is poorly understood. It is proposed that various suppressors inhibit RNA silencing by targeting different steps.

Small RNA binding is a common strategy to suppress RNA silencing by several viral suppressors.

RNA silencing is an evolutionarily conserved system that functions as an antiviral mechanism in higher plants and insects. To counteract RNA silencing, viruses express silencing suppressors that interfere with both siRNA- and microRNA-guided silencing pathways. We used comparative in vitro and in vivo approaches to analyse the molecular mechanism of suppression by three well-studied silencing suppressors.

Plant virus-derived small interfering RNAs originate predominantly from highly structured single-stranded viral RNAs.

RNA silencing is conserved in a broad range of eukaryotes and includes the phenomena of RNA interference in animals and posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants. In plants, PTGS acts as an antiviral system; a successful virus infection requires suppression or evasion of the induced silencing response. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) accumulate in plants infected with positive-strand RNA viruses and provide specificity to this RNA-mediated defense.

Molecular mechanism of RNA silencing suppression mediated by p19 protein of tombusviruses.

RNA silencing is an evolutionarily conserved surveillance system that occurs in a broad range of eukaryotic organisms. In plants, RNA silencing acts as an antiviral system; thus, successful virus infection requires suppression of gene silencing. A number of viral suppressors have been identified so far; however, the molecular bases of silencing suppression are still poorly understood.

Low temperature inhibits RNA silencing-mediated defence by the control of siRNA generation.

Temperature dramatically affects plant-virus interactions. Outbreaks of virus diseases are frequently associated with low temperature, while at high temperature viral symptoms are often attenuated (heat masking) and plants rapidly recover from virus diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of these well-known observations are not yet understood.