Sleep timing and sleep problems of preschoolers in Aotearoa/New Zealand: relationships with ethnicity and socioeconomic position.

Objectives: To provide descriptive sleep data and explore sleep inequities, we investigated maternal reports of when and how well Māori (Indigenous) and non-Māori preschoolers sleep, and examined relationships between ethnicity (child and maternal), socioeconomic position (SEP) and sleep timing and problems of 3-4 year old children in Aotearoa/New Zealand (NZ).

Methods: This study involved cross-sectional analysis of data from the Moe Kura: Mother and Child, Sleep and Wellbeing in Aotearoa/New Zealand longitudinal study. Log-binomial regression models were used to investigate associations between child and maternal demographic variables and preschooler bedtimes, social jetlag and maternally-reported sleep problems.

How long do preschoolers in Aotearoa/New Zealand sleep? Associations with ethnicity and socioeconomic position.

Objectives: To investigate potential sleep inequities in preschoolers in Aotearoa/New Zealand, by examining sleep durations and week/weekend sleep duration differences of Māori (indigenous) and non-Māori preschoolers; and independent associations between ethnicity (child and maternal), socioeconomic position (SEP) and preschoolers' sub-optimal and inconsistent week/weekend sleep durations.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of questionnaire data from the Moe Kura: Mother and Child, Sleep and Wellbeing in Aotearoa/New Zealand longitudinal study when children were 3 to 4 years old.

Participants: 340 Māori and 570 non-Māori preschoolers and their mothers.

"We're doing the best job we can": maternal experiences of facilitators and barriers to preschoolers sleeping well in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

Objectives: This study considered sleep from a social determinants of health and socioecological perspective. It aimed to explore facilitators and barriers to 4-year-old children sleeping well, as experienced by Māori and non-Māori mothers, with low and high socioeconomic position (SEP), in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

Design: Experiential qualitative research involving face-to-face, semistructured individual interviews.

"Their Sleep Means More Harmony": Maternal Perspectives and Experiences of Preschoolers' Sleep in Ethnically and Socioeconomically Diverse Families in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

Viewing sleep through a socioecological lens, maternal perceptions, and experiences of preschoolers' sleep were explored using semistructured interviews with 15 Māori (indigenous) and 16 non-Māori mothers, with low- and high socioeconomic position. Thematic analysis identified four themes: child happiness and health, maternal well-being, comfort and connection, and family functioning and harmony. Mothers perceived healthy preschooler sleep as supporting children's mental and physical health, parents' sleep/wake functioning, family social cohesion and emotional connectedness, and poor preschooler sleep as negatively influencing child, maternal and family well-being.

Monitoring the Effectiveness of Fatigue Risk Management: A Survey of Pilots' Concerns.

Introduction: Airlines are required to monitor the effectiveness of their pilot fatigue risk management. The present survey sought the views of all pilots at Delta Air Lines on fatigue-related issues raised by their colleagues participating in regular airline safety audits.

Methods: All 13,217 pilots from 9 aircraft fleets were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey.

Equivalence Testing as a Tool for Fatigue Risk Management in Aviation.

Background: Many civilian aviation regulators favor evidence-based strategies that go beyond hours-of-service approaches for managing fatigue risk. Several countries now allow operations to be flown outside of flight and duty hour limitations, provided airlines demonstrate an alternative method of compliance that yields safety levels "at least equivalent to" the prescriptive regulations. Here we discuss equivalence testing in occupational fatigue risk management.

Sleep on Long Haul Layovers and Pilot Fatigue at the Start of the Next Duty Period.

Introduction: Layovers are critical for pilot recovery between flights and minimum layover durations are required by regulation. However, research on the factors affecting layover sleep and safety performance indicators (SPIs) before subsequent flights is relatively sparse. The present project combined data from 6 studies, including 8 long-range and 5 ultra-long range out-and-back trips across a range of different layover destinations (299 pilots in 4-person crews, 410 layovers, 1-3 d layover duration).

Subjective Measurements of In-Flight Sleep, Circadian Variation, and Their Relationship with Fatigue.

Background: This study examined whether subjective measurements of in-flight sleep could be a reliable alternative to actigraphic measurements for monitoring pilot fatigue in a large-scale survey.

Methods: Pilots (3-pilot crews) completed a 1-page survey on outbound and inbound long-haul flights crossing 1-7 time zones (N = 586 surveys) between 53 city pairs with 1-d layovers. Across each flight, pilots documented flight start and end times, break times, and in-flight sleep duration and quality if they attempted sleep.

Estimating long-haul airline pilots' at-home baseline sleep duration.

Objective: Characterize the baseline sleep of long-haul airline pilots.

Methods: Sleep of 332 pilots (median age = 51 years, range = 23-64 years) from 4 airlines was measured by actigraphy while at home and off-duty and by retrospective estimate of the total amount of nighttime sleep usually obtained at home.

Results: Mean actigraphic sleep per 24 hours during baseline periods was 6.

Sleepiness and Cognitive Performance among Younger and Older Adolescents across a 28-Hour Forced Desynchrony Protocol.

Study Objectives: Quantify the homeostatic and circadian effects on sleepiness and performance of adolescents. Examine age-related changes in homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleepiness and performance by comparing younger and older adolescent groups.

Design: Three-week laboratory study including 12 cycles of a 28-h forced desynchrony protocol.

Pilot fatigue: relationships with departure and arrival times, flight duration, and direction.

Introduction: Flight timing is expected to influence pilot fatigue because it determines the part of the circadian body clock cycle that is traversed during a flight. However the effects of flight timing are not well-characterized because field studies typically focus on specific flights with a limited range of departure times and have small sample sizes. The present project combined data from four studies, including 13 long-range and ultra-long range out-and-back trips across a range of departure and arrival times (237 pilots in 4-person crews, 730 flight segments, 1-3 d layovers).

Effects of sleep/wake history and circadian phase on proposed pilot fatigue safety performance indicators.

The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and Samn-Perelli fatigue ratings, and psychomotor vigilance task performance are proposed as measures for monitoring commercial pilot fatigue. In laboratory studies, they are sensitive to sleep/wake history and circadian phase. The present analyses examined whether they reliably reflect sleep/wake history and circadian phase during transmeridian flight operations.

A research-practice partnership for enhancing drug court effectiveness.

Research and practice partnerships that focus on substance use and criminal justice are necessary to address the needs and concerns of substance users, their families, and the community. Such partnerships are complex and therefore create challenges in implementing research that is simultaneously relevant and rigorous. This article describes a developing research-practice community-based partnership that guides several related research studies.

Predicting drug court outcome among amphetamine-using participants.

Amphetamine use and abuse carry with it substantial social costs. Although there is a perception that amphetamine users are more difficult to treat than other substance users, drug courts have been used to effectively address drug-related crimes and hold the potential to lessen the impact of amphetamine abuse through efficacious treatment and rehabilitation. The objective of this study was to identify predictors of drug court outcome among amphetamine-using participants.

Occupational sleep medicine: practice and promise.

Occupational sleep medicine is a new field within sleep medicine. Occupational sleep medicine applies (1) the science of sleep, frequently as instantiated into mathematical modeling; (2) the tactics, techniques, and procedures of sleep and performance measurement in the operational environment; and (3) the clinical practice of sleep medicine to reduce the risks of poor performance, lost productivity, and error, incident, and accident in the workplace. As envisioned here, occupational sleep medicine will play a crucial role in fatigue risk management to, in the short term, improve performance, productivity, and safety and in the longer term improve worker health and well-being.

An exploration of the utility of mathematical modeling predicting fatigue from sleep/wake history and circadian phase applied in accident analysis and prevention: the crash of Comair Flight 5191.

On 27 August 2006 at 0606 eastern daylight time (EDT) at Bluegrass Airport in Lexington, KY (LEX), the flight crew of Comair Flight 5191 inadvertently attempted to take off from a general aviation runway too short for their aircraft. The aircraft crashed killing 49 of the 50 people on board. To better understand this accident and to aid in preventing similar accidents, we applied mathematical modeling predicting fatigue-related degradation in performance for the Air Traffic Controller on-duty at the time of the crash.