[The role of dopamine receptors in the modulation of mononuclear phagocytes in multiple sclerosis].

Objective: To investigate the role of dopamine receptor DDR and DDR in the production of cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β by monocytes and macrophages in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS).

Material And Methods: Ten patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 10 healthy subjects were examined. The level of IL-6 and IL-1β production was assessed in culture supernatants obtained from CD14 monocytes or macrophages stimulated with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

The role of dopamine in the modulation of monocyte-induced Th17- and Th1-immune response in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with autoimmune mechanism of development. The investigation of neuroimmune interaction is one of the most developing directions in MS pathogenesis study. Catecholamines are direct mediators of this interaction and can be involved in the pathogenesis of MS by modulating cells of both innate and adaptive immune systems.

[The influence of fluoxetine on neuroimmune interaction in multiple sclerosis].

Objective: To study the effect of fluoxetine on Th17- and Th1-immune response, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Material And Methods: Ten patients with relapsing-remitting MS and ten healthy subjects were examined. The functions of Th17- and Th1-immune responses were assessed by the production of cytokines interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) by CD4 T cells stimulated with macrophages or microbeads coated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28-antibodies.

The role of biogenic amines in the modulation of monocytes in autoimmune neuroinflammation.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with autoimmune mechanism of development. The study of the neuroimmune interactions is one of the most developing directions in the research of the pathogenesis of MS. The influence of biogenic amines on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and MS was shown by the modulation of subsets of T-helper cells and B-cells, which plays a crucial role in the autoimmunity of the CNS.

Effect of Low Concentrations of Lithium Chloride Additive on Cellulose-Rich Ultrafiltration Membrane Performance.

Various water treatment processes make extensive use of porous polymeric membranes. A key objective in membrane fabrication is to improve membrane selectivity without sacrificing other properties such as permeability. Herein, LiCl (0-2 wt.

An expanded arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages.

Bacterial anti-phage systems are frequently clustered in microbial genomes, forming defense islands. This property enabled the recent discovery of multiple defense systems based on their genomic co-localization with known systems, but the full arsenal of anti-phage mechanisms remains unknown. We report the discovery of 21 defense systems that protect bacteria from phages, based on computational genomic analyses and phage-infection experiments.

Short prokaryotic Argonautes provide defence against incoming mobile genetic elements through NAD depletion.

Argonaute (Ago) proteins are found in all three domains of life. The so-called long Agos are composed of four major domains (N, PAZ, MID and PIWI) and contribute to RNA silencing in eukaryotes (eAgos) or defence against invading mobile genetic elements in prokaryotes (pAgos). The majority (~60%) of pAgos identified bioinformatically are shorter (comprising only MID and PIWI domains) and are typically associated with Sir2, Mrr or TIR domain-containing proteins.

Multiple phage resistance systems inhibit infection via SIR2-dependent NAD depletion.

Defence-associated sirtuins (DSRs) comprise a family of proteins that defend bacteria from phage infection via an unknown mechanism. These proteins are common in bacteria and harbour an N-terminal sirtuin (SIR2) domain. In this study we report that DSR proteins degrade nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) during infection, depleting the cell of this essential molecule and aborting phage propagation.

Th17-cells in depression: Implication in multiple sclerosis.

Depression is one of the most common neuropsychological symptoms of multiple sclerosis. However, in addition to mood disorder, depression can also influence on multiple sclerosis course. The mechanism of this dependence is not fully understood.

Serotonergic drug repurposing in multiple sclerosis: A new possibility for disease-modifying therapy.

Investigation of neuroimmune interactions is one of the most developing areas in the study of multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Recent evidence suggests the possibility of modulating neuroinflammation by targeting biogenic amine receptors. It has been shown that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine modulates innate and adaptive immune system cells' function and can reduce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis severity.

[Prospects for the use of polyphenols in multiple sclerosis].

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating autoimmune disease. Therapy for MS does not always slow down the progression of the disease. In many cases, pathogenetic therapy of MS leads to serious side-effects, in particular, to immunosuppression, limiting using of various disease modifying therapy (DMT) in MS.

Wood-Based Cellulose-Rich Ultrafiltration Membranes: Alkaline Coagulation Bath Introduction and Investigation of Its Effect over Membranes' Performance.

In this study, wood-based cellulose-rich membranes were produced with a novel approach to casting procedure. Flat-sheet membranes were prepared from birch biomass pretreated with deep eutectic solvent and dissolved in ionic liquid-dimethylsulfoxide system via phase inversion method. Alkaline coagulation bath filled with sodium hydroxide solution was added to the process before a water coagulation bath and aimed to improve membranes' performance.

Host-Associated Phages Disperse across the Extraterrestrial Analogue Antarctica.

Extreme Antarctic conditions provide one of the closest analogues of extraterrestrial environments. Since air and snow samples, especially from polar regions, yield DNA amounts in the lower picogram range, binning of prokaryotic genomes is challenging and renders studying the dispersal of biological entities across these environments difficult. Here, we hypothesized that dispersal of host-associated bacteriophages (adsorbed, replicating, or prophages) across the Antarctic continent can be tracked via their genetic signatures, aiding our understanding of virus and host dispersal across long distances.

The Dual Role of the β-Adrenoreceptor in the Modulation of IL-17 and IFN-γ Production by T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis.

Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that also has an immunomodulatory effect and is involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. This study aimed to clarify the role of the β-adrenoreceptor in the norepinephrine-mediated modulation of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, which play a critical pathogenetic role in MS. CD4 T cells obtained from twenty-five relapsing-remitting MS patients and sixteen healthy subjects were cultured ex vivo with norepinephrine and/or β-adrenoreceptor antagonist or agonist, followed by a cytokine production analysis using ELISA.

Rapid evolutionary turnover of mobile genetic elements drives bacterial resistance to phages.

Although it is generally accepted that phages drive bacterial evolution, how these dynamics play out in the wild remains poorly understood. We found that susceptibility to viral killing in marine is mediated by large and highly diverse mobile genetic elements. These phage defense elements display exceedingly fast evolutionary turnover, resulting in differential phage susceptibility among clonal bacterial strains while phage receptors remain invariant.

[Blockade of D1-like dopaminergic receptors suppresses Th17-cell function in multiple sclerosis].

Objective: To investigate the direct effect of D-like dopaminergic receptors antagonist on Th17-cells function in multiple sclerosis (MS) .

Material And Methods: Forty-one relapsing-remitting MS patients and twenty-five healthy subjects were examined. The functional activity of Th17-cells was assessed by the ability to produce IL-17 and IFN-γ by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4 T cells, stimulated with microbeads coated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28-antibodies.

Investigation of Deep-Learning-Driven Identification of Multiple Sclerosis Patients Based on Susceptibility-Weighted Images Using Relevance Analysis.

The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is usually based on clinical symptoms and signs of damage to the central nervous system, which is assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. The correct interpretation of these data requires excellent clinical expertise and experience. Deep neural networks aim to assist clinicians in identifying MS using imaging data.

Analysis of membrane fouling by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller nitrogen adsorption/desorption technique.

Membrane fouling is the major factor limiting the wider applicability of the membrane-based technologies in water treatment and in separation and purification processes of biorefineries, pulp and paper industry, food industry and other sectors. Endeavors to prevent and minimize fouling requires a deep understanding on the fouling mechanisms and their relative effects. In this study, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption/desorption technique was applied to get an insight into pore-level membrane fouling phenomena occurring in ultrafiltration of wood-based streams.

Widespread Utilization of Peptide Communication in Phages Infecting Soil and Pathogenic Bacteria.

Temperate phages can adopt either a lytic or lysogenic lifestyle within their host bacteria. It was recently shown that Bacillus-subtilis-infecting phages of the SPbeta group utilize a peptide-based communication system called arbitrium to coordinate the lysogeny decision. The occurrence of peptide-based communication systems among phages more broadly remains to be explored.

Natural diversity of CRISPR spacers of Thermus: evidence of local spacer acquisition and global spacer exchange.

We investigated the diversity of CRISPR spacers of Thermus communities from two locations in Italy, two in Chile and one location in Russia. Among the five sampling sites, a total of more than 7200 unique spacers belonging to different CRISPR-Cas systems types and subtypes were identified. Most of these spacers are not found in CRISPR arrays of sequenced Thermus strains.

Systematic discovery of antiphage defense systems in the microbial pangenome.

The arms race between bacteria and phages led to the development of sophisticated antiphage defense systems, including CRISPR-Cas and restriction-modification systems. Evidence suggests that known and unknown defense systems are located in "defense islands" in microbial genomes. Here, we comprehensively characterized the bacterial defensive arsenal by examining gene families that are clustered next to known defense genes in prokaryotic genomes.

Viral genome packaging terminase cleaves DNA using the canonical RuvC-like two-metal catalysis mechanism.

Bacteriophages and large dsDNA viruses encode sophisticated machinery to translocate their DNA into a preformed empty capsid. An essential part of this machine, the large terminase protein, processes viral DNA into constituent units utilizing its nuclease activity. Crystal structures of the large terminase nuclease from the thermophilic bacteriophage G20c show that it is most similar to the RuvC family of the RNase H-like endonucleases.

Dynamics of Escherichia coli type I-E CRISPR spacers over 42 000 years.

CRISPR-Cas are nucleic acid-based prokaryotic immune systems. CRISPR arrays accumulate spacers from foreign DNA and provide resistance to mobile genetic elements containing identical or similar sequences. Thus, the set of spacers present in a given bacterium can be regarded as a record of encounters of its ancestors with genetic invaders.

CRISPR-Cas: Spacer Diversity Determines the Efficiency of Defense.

Bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems acquire short sequences, called spacers, from viruses and plasmids, leading to adaptive immunity. The diversity of spacers within natural bacterial populations is very high. New data now explain how spacer diversity strengthens resistance of the bacterial population to phage infection.