Winter survival of individual honey bees and honey bee colonies depends on level of Varroa destructor infestation.

Background: Recent elevated winter loss of honey bee colonies is a major concern. The presence of the mite Varroa destructor in colonies places an important pressure on bee health. V.

Oral toxicity of Photorhabdus toxins against thrips species.

The oral toxicity of excretion products of several Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus strains was tested on two thrips species: Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci. Out of 46 Photorhabdus isolates and six Xenorhabdus isolates only six North American P. temperata isolates were toxic to the thrips species.