Sex differences in eyewitness memory: A scoping review.

Researchers in cognitive and forensic psychology have long been interested in the impact of individual differences on eyewitness memory. The sex of the eyewitness is one such factor, with a body of research spanning over 50 years that has sought to determine if and how eyewitness memory differs between males and females. This research has significant implications across the criminal justice system, particularly in the context of gendered issues such as sexual assault.

Noncontact Imaging of Ion Dynamics in Polymer Electrolytes with Time-Resolved Electrostatic Force Microscopy.

Ionic-transport processes govern performance in many classic and emerging devices, ranging from battery storage to modern mixed-conduction organic electrochemical transistors (OECT). Here, we study local ion-transport dynamics in polymer films using time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy (trEFM). We establish a correspondence between local and macroscopic measurements using local trEFM and macroscopic electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

Fine motor movements while drawing during the encoding phase of a serial verbal recall task reduce working memory performance.

The time-based resource-sharing (TBRS) model of working memory indicates that secondary tasks that capture attention for relatively long periods can result in the interference of working memory processing and maintenance. The current study investigates if discrete and continuous movements have differing effects on a concurrent, verbal serial recall task. In the listening condition, participants were asked to recall spoken words presented in lists of six.

Writing, Reading, and Listening Differentially Overload Working Memory Performance Across the Serial Position Curve.

Previous research has assumed that writing is a cognitively complex task, but has not determined if writing overloads Working Memory more than reading and listening. To investigate this, participants completed three recall tasks. These were reading lists of words before recalling them, hearing lists of words before recalling them, and hearing lists of words and writing them as they heard them, then recalling them.

Spiral drawing performance as an indicator of fine motor function in people with multiple sclerosis.

This study investigated spiral drawing performance as an indicator of fine motor function, as well as to gain insight into adaptive movement strategies used by people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Seven people with MS, nine younger controls (mean age of 20) and eight older controls (mean age of 40) drew spirals on a graphics tablet at a comfortable speed and size. Spirography (i.

Movement precues in planning and execution of aiming movements in Parkinson's disease.

Two experiments tested how changing a planned movement affects movement initiation and execution in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. In Experiment 1, PD patients, elderly controls, and young adults performed discrete aiming movements to one of two targets on a digitizer. A precue (80% valid cue and 20% invalid cue of all trials) reflecting the subsequent movement direction was presented prior to the imperative stimulus.

Effects of target height and width on 2D pointing movement duration and kinematics.

This study examined the impact of target geometry on the trajectories of rapid pointing movements. Participants performed a graphic point-to-point task using a pen on a digitizer tablet with targets and real time trajectories displayed on a computer screen. Circular- and elliptical-shaped targets were used in order to systematically vary the accuracy constraints along two dimensions.

The influence of motor system degradation on the control of handwriting movements: a dynamical systems analysis.

The complex dynamics of the human hand/arm system need to be precisely controlled to produce fine movements such as those found in handwriting. This study employs dynamical systems analysis techniques to further understand how this system is controlled when it is functioning well and when it is compromised through motor function degradation (e.g.

Discrete and dynamic scaling of the size of continuous graphic movements of parkinsonian patients and elderly controls.

Objectives: To systematically investigate the ability of Parkinson's disease patients to discretely and dynamically scale the size of continuous movements and to assess the impact of movement size on outcome variability.

Methods: Ten patients with Parkinson's disease (mean age 72 years) were compared with 12 healthy elderly controls (mean age 70 years). The subjects wrote with a stylus on a graphics tablet.

Response-time dynamics: evidence for linear and low-dimensional nonlinear structure in human choice sequences.

Response time (RT) is a commonly used measure of cognitive performance, which is usually characterized as stochastic. However, useful information may be hidden in the apparently random fluctuations of RT. Dynamical systems analysis techniques allow an exploration of the alternative hypothesis that RT fluctuations are deterministic, albeit in a complex manner.

Detecting nonlinearity in psychological data: techniques and applications.

Modern graphical and computational techniques for detecting nonlinearity in psychological data sets are presented. These procedures allow researchers to determine the information complexity of temporal data, using physiological and psychological measurements, and to provide evidence for chaos in time series contaminated by measurement noise. Problems with noise reduction and appropriate experimental control, using surrogate time series, are discussed, and applications of the technology are illustrated, using response time, handwriting, and typing data sets.

Immunogenicity of peptides derived from a fibronectin-binding protein of S. aureus expressed on two different plant viruses.

The D2 peptide derived from an S. aureus fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP) was expressed on the surface of the icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus (amino acids 1-30 of D2) or on the rod-shaped potato virus X (amino acids 1-38 of D2), termed CPMV-MAST1 and PVX-MAST8, respectively. Mice and rats were immunized subcutaneously with CPMV-MAST1 and mice with PVX-MAST8 in adjuvant and high titres of FnBP-specific antibody were obtained.

Binding characteristics of anti-atrazine monoclonal antibodies and their fragments synthesised in bacteria and plants.

Single-chain antibody fragments (scAb), specific for the herbicide atrazine, have been expressed in the bacterium Escherichia coli and in transgenic tobacco plants. The scAb could be purified as a monomer (monovalent) via a hexa-histidine tail or as a dimer (divalent) by antibody affinity chromatography. In competition ELISA, the bacterial scAb showed the same specificity for atrazine and related triazine herbicides as the parental mAb cell line, but both plant and bacterial monomeric scAbs showed increased sensitivity to free atrazine.

Expression and characterisation of single-chain antibody fragments produced in transgenic plants against the organic herbicides atrazine and paraquat.

Single-chain antibody fragments (scAbs), which have a human C-kappa constant domain and a hexa-histidine tail attached to the carboxy terminus of the single-chain Fv (ScFv) fragments to facilitate purification, have been raised against the herbicides paraquat and atrazine and expressed in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN. Prior to purification, the anti-atrazine scAb is expressed as up to 0.

Production and purification of active snowdrop lectin in Escherichia coli.

Recombinant snowdrop lectin was produced in Escherichia coli from a cDNA clone encoding mature Galanthus nivalis agglutinin. After induction with isopropylthio-beta-D-galactoside, inclusion bodies from E. coli were solubilised and the G.

Methods: pain.

Pain is one of the most common reasons for patient attendance at A&E departments ( 1 ), and its management should be a high priority in patient care. In order to do this, an assessment of pain is vital in determining the patient's progress, the impact and efficacy of treatment, and in some cases, as a diagnostic tool ( 2 ).

The influence of proanthocyanidin-rich bean hulls and level of dietary protein on energy metabolizability and nutrient digestibility by adult cockerels.

Cotyledons and hulls were prepared from twelve varieties of field beans (Vicia faba L.). Adult cockerels were tube-fed either beans, cotyledons or hull diets containing high or low levels of protein.

Development of Limit Dextrinase in Germinated Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (Evidence of Proteolytic Activation).

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) that had been malted for 5 d developed only a small amount of bound (inactive) limit dextrinase, and very little free (active) enzyme was detected. Continuation of malting for up to 10 d only slightly increased the amount of both bound and free forms.

Extreme resistance to potato virus X infection in plants expressing a modified component of the putative viral replicase.

Three types of mutation were introduced into the sequence encoding the GDD motif of the putative replicase component of potato virus X (PVX). All three mutations rendered the viral genome completely noninfectious when inoculated into Nicotiana clevelandii or into protoplasts of Nicotiana tabacum (cv. Samsun NN).

The effect of proanthocyanidin-rich hulls and proanthocyanidin extracts from bean (Vicia faba L.) hulls on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activities in young chicks.

Proanthocyanidins were prepared from three bean (Vicia faba L.) varieties by extracting hulls in aqueous acetone. The amounts of freeze-dried extracts recovered were 74, 89 and 97 g/kg hull for the varieties Brunette, Statissa and Minica respectively.

The effect of concentration of tannin-rich bean hulls (Vicia faba L.) on activities of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) and alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) in digesta and pancreas and on the digestion of lipid and starch by young chicks.

The effect of different concentrations of tannin-rich field-bean (Vicia faba L.) hulls at 0, 20, 50, 150 and 300 g/kg dietary inclusion on the activities of lipase (EC 3.1.

The inhibitory effects of hull polysaccharides and tannins of field beans (Vicia faba L.) on the digestion of amino acids, starch and lipid and on digestive enzyme activities in young chicks.

The effects of polysaccharides and tannins present in the hulls of field beans (Vicia faba L.) on the digestion of amino acids, starch and lipid were studied in poultry. A control diet without hulls and the same diet substituted with 400 g hulls/kg diet from three different varieties of beans were fed to 3-week-old chicks for 4 d.

Cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNA (Y strain): analysis of sequences which affect yellow mosaic symptoms on tobacco.

Plants infected with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (KIN strain) produce a mild mosaic disease on tobacco whereas infections of CMV with satellite RNA (strain Y) cause a severe yellow mosaic. Analysis of recombinant and mutant forms of satellite RNA identified a site (nucleotides 185/186) in the Y satellite RNA that affects the ability to induce the yellow mosaic in combination with CMV but not with tomato aspermy virus. The location of this site with respect to other mutations in the satellite RNA indicated that polypeptides, which may be encoded by the satellite RNA, have no role in induction of yellow mosaic symptoms.