Development of Fluoride-Ion Primary Batteries: The Electrochemical Defluorination of CF .

The lithium-carbon monofluoride (Li-CF ) couple has the highest specific energy of any practical battery chemistry. However, the large polarization associated with the CF electrode (>1.5 V loss) limits it from achieving its full discharge energy, motivating the search for new CF reaction mechanisms with reduced overpotential.

Elucidating the Role of Electrochemically Formed LiF in Discharge and Aging of Li-CF Batteries.

Fifty years after its introduction, the lithium-carbon monofluoride (Li-CF) battery still has the highest cell-level specific energy demonstrated in a practical cell format. However, few studies have analyzed how the main electrochemical discharge product, LiF, evolves during the discharge and cell rest periods. To fill this gap in understanding, we investigated molecular-level and interfacial changes in CF electrodes upon the discharge and aging of Li-CF cells, revealing the role of LiF beyond that of a simple discharge product.