Contactless ultrasound spectroscopy for testing state-of-charge and integrity in lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are playing nowadays a key role in the decarbonization of the economy. However, safety issues and the lack of an accurate performance predictor after manufacturing led to the application of non-destructive methods in this field that can assess their condition. Contact ultrasounds have been successfully applied in recent years in this regard, mainly in research facilities, proving the potential of ultrasonic waves to collect meaningful information.