Experiences with regular testing of students for SARS-CoV-2 in primary and secondary schools: results from a cross-sectional study in two Norwegian counties, autumn 2021.

Background: To allow for normal school attendance during the COVID-19 pandemic, regular testing of students was introduced in the autumn 2021 in Norway to manage COVID-19 transmission. We mapped the experiences of five stakeholders (parents, students, school staff and administration, contact tracing teams) regarding the implementation of regular testing in primary and secondary schools in Oslo and Viken counties, to assess the acceptability through different indicators and improve future guidelines.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between October and November 2021 to explore experiences of implementation, compliance, satisfaction, difficulties, concerns, confidence in regular testing, quality of teaching and school attendance.

Cellular immunity in COVID-19 and other infections in Common variable immunodeficiency.

COVID-19 has shed light on the role of cellular immunity in the absence of humoral response in different patient groups. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by impaired humoral immunity but also an underlying T-cell dysregulation. The impact of T-cell dysregulation on cellular immunity in CVID is not clear, and this review summarizes available literature on cellular immunity in CVID with a particular focus on COVID-19.

A surgically placed epidural catheter in a patient with spinal trauma.

Purpose: To report the successful perioperative anaesthetic and analgesic management of a spinal trauma patient with a surgically placed epidural catheter.

Clinical Features: A 15-yr-old adolescent woman sustained an unstable spinal column injury with an incomplete neurological deficit following a high speed motor vehicle accident. She was scheduled for spinal decompression and stabilisation through a left thoracoabdominal approach.

Laryngeal mask airway with mouth opening less than 20 mm.

We describe the use of a laryngeal mask airway in three adult patients whose mouth opening varied from 12 mm to 18 mm. The first patient's incisal opening was 12 mm. His airway was otherwise normal and the standard laryngeal mask was used as the definitive airway for the 90 min revision of facial scars and bone graft to mandible.

The electroretinogram during orbital compression following intraorbital regional block for cataract surgery.

The electroretinogram (ERG) is a transient biopotential that reflects the electrical response of the distal retina to photostimulation. Disturbances in retinal circulation produce characteristic abnormalities in the ERG wave form. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the ERG produced by combined retrobulbar and peribulbar injections of a large volume (8 ml) of local anaesthetic, followed by ocular compression.

Periocular local anesthesia: medial orbital as an alternative to superior nasal injection.

We developed a new technique, the medial orbital pericone local anesthetic block, that surgeons can use a secondary block when inferotemporal retrobulbar or peribulbar/periocular injection of local anesthetics results in incomplete anesthesia. Unlike secondary local injections placed in the superonasal quadrant of the orbit, our technique injects the anesthetic into the fat compartment of the nasal side of the globe, a site that is relatively avascular and lacks vital anatomic structures. In more than 15,000 patients, this method proved an effective, safe means of secondary block and promoted orbicularis oculi muscle akinesia.

Effect of combined peribulbar and retrobulbar injection of large volumes of anesthetic agents on the intraocular pressure.

A prospective randomized study was done in 79 patients undergoing elective routine cataract surgery in which the Kelman phacoemulsification technique was used with placement of an intraocular lens. In all the patients anesthesia was induced with both a peribulbar and a retrobulbar injection of a large volume (total 10.5 mL) of local anesthetic.

Transforaminal escape of a lumbar epidural catheter.

A patient is presented whose lumbar epidural catheter was found to lie in the paravertebral tissues during a right radical nephrectomy. The catheter had been placed with the patient awake and the procedure performed in a routine fashion without difficulty or indication of catheter malposition. Four ml of 2% CO2 lidocaine were initially injected as a test dose without any demonstrable effect.

Comparison of plain with pH-adjusted bupivacaine with hyaluronidase for peribulbar block.

Fifty patients scheduled for cataract surgery under peribulbar block were randomised to receive either plain (pH 5.4) or pH-adjusted (pH 6.8 range 6.

The laryngeal mask airway: clinical appraisal in 250 patients.

The laryngeal mask airway consists of a tubular oropharyngeal airway to the distal end of which is sealed a silicone laryngeal mask with an inflatable rim which provides an airtight seal around the larynx. It provided a clear airway in 238 of 250 elective and emergency non-obstetrical patients for a wide variety of surgical procedures, ranging from minor gynaecological and urological procedures to major abdominal and orthopaedic surgery with either spontaneous respiration or intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Anaesthetic techniques and drugs were similar to those which would have been used for the same procedures if face-mask or tracheal intubation had been employed.