An Evidence-Based Narrative Review of the Emergency Department Management of Acute Hyperkalemia.

Background: The normal range for potassium is within narrow limits. Hyperkalemia is an electrolyte disorder that frequently affects patients in the emergency department (ED), and can result in significant morbidity and mortality if not identified and treated rapidly.

Objective: This article provides an evidence-based narrative review of the management of hyperkalemia, with focused updates for the emergency clinician.

Insulin glucose infusion versus nebulised salbutamol versus combination of salbutamol and insulin glucose in acute hyperkalaemia in the emergency room: protocol for a randomised, multicentre, controlled study (INSAKA).

Introduction: Hyperkalaemia is a common electrolyte disorder and can be life-threatening. In the emergency room (ER), interventions aim to protect patients from the immediate dangers of elevated serum potassium by redistributing potassium ions from the bloodstream into the cells via intravenous insulin or nebulised beta2-agonists. However, to date, evidence for acute management of hyperkalaemia is limited.

Correction to: Incidence of hyperkalemia in the emergency department: a 10-year retrospective study.

In the original publication of the article, the 3rd author name was swapped. The correct author name should read as Damien Masson.

Long-range correlation properties in motor timing are individual and task specific.

1/f (β) noise represents a specific form of (long-range) correlations in a time series that is pervasive across many sensorimotor variables. Recent studies have shown that the precise properties of the correlations demonstrated by a group of test participants may vary as a function of experimental conditions or factors characterizing the group. Our purpose in the present study was to clarify whether long-range correlations affect sensorimotor performance generally or in a task-specific manner and whether each individual produces characteristic long-range correlations that are reliable across several runs of the same task.

Long-range correlation in synchronization and syncopation tapping: a linear phase correction model.

We propose in this paper a model for accounting for the increase in long-range correlations observed in asynchrony series in syncopation tapping, as compared with synchronization tapping. Our model is an extension of the linear phase correction model for synchronization tapping. We suppose that the timekeeper represents a fractal source in the system, and that a process of estimation of the half-period of the metronome, obeying a random-walk dynamics, combines with the linear phase correction process.

Detrended windowed (lag one) autocorrelation: a new method for distinguishing between event-based and emergent timing.

The aim of this study was to test different methods for distinguishing between two known timing processes involved in human rhythmic behaviours. We examined the implementation of two approaches used in the literature: the high-frequency slope of the power spectrum and the lag one value of the autocorrelation function, ACF(1). We developed another method based on the Wing and Kristofferson (1973a) model and the predicted negative ACF(1) for event-based series: the detrended windowed (lag one) autocorrelation (DWA).

Fractal models for event-based and dynamical timers.

Some recent papers proposed to distinguish between event-based and emergent timing. Event-based timing is conceived as prescribed by events produced by a central clock, and seems to be used in discrete tasks (e.g.

1/f (beta) fluctuations in bimanual coordination: an additional challenge for modeling.

We analyzed the correlation structure of discrete relative phase (DRP) series in bimanual in-phase and anti-phase coordination by associating a number of fractal methods and using discrete rather than continuous relative phase measurement. ARFIMA/ARMA modeling provided statistical evidence for the presence of long-range correlation, and the series were unambiguously characterized as 1/f (beta) noise. Diverging accounts of bimanual coordination are defended in the literature.

Detection of long-range dependence and estimation of fractal exponents through ARFIMA modelling.

We evaluate the performance of autoregressive, fractionally integrated, moving average (ARFIMA) modelling for detecting long-range dependence and estimating fractal exponents. More specifically, we test the procedure proposed by Wagenmakers, Farrell, and Ratcliff, and compare the results obtained with the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the Bayes information criterion (BIC). The present studies show that ARFIMA modelling is able to adequately detect long-range dependence in simulated fractal series.

Testing for the presence of 1/f noise in continuation tapping data.

A number of recent papers have suggested that the series of time intervals produced in continuation tapping may have fractal properties. This proposition, nevertheless, was only based on the visual appraisal of graphical results, and was not statistically supported. In the present study, we applied the ARMA/ARFIMA modeling procedures proposed by Wagenmakers, Farrell, and Ratcliff (2005) to test for the presence of long-range dependencies in continuation tapping data.

Methodological issues in the application of monofractal analyses in psychological and behavioral research.

A number of recent research works tried to apply fractal methods to psychological or behavioral variables. Quite often, nevertheless, the use of fractal analyses remains rudimentary, and the goal of researchers seems limited to evidencing the presence of long- range correlation in data sets. This article presents some recent developments in monofractals theory, and some related methodological refinements.

Time intervals production in tapping and oscillatory motion.

We applied spectral analysis on series of time intervals produced in a synchronization-continuation experiment. In the first condition intervals were produced by finger tapping, and in the second by an oscillatory motion of the hand. Results obtained in tapping were consistent with a discrete, event-based timing model.