An Alternative Photothrombotic Model of Transient Ischemic Attack.

Animal models mimicking human transient ischemic attack (TIA) and cerebral microinfarcts are essential tools for studying their pathogenetic mechanisms and finding methods of their treatment. Despite its advantages, the model of single arteriole photothrombosis requires complex experimental equipment and highly invasive surgery, which may affect the results of further studies. Hence, to achieve high translational potential, we focused on developing a TIA model based on photothrombosis of arterioles to combine good reproducibility and low invasiveness.

Structural and Functional Properties of Tropomyosin Isoforms Tpm4.1 and Tpm2.1.

Tropomyosin (Tpm) is one of the most important partners of actin filament that largely determines its properties. In animal organisms, there are different isoforms of Tpm, which are believed to be involved in the regulation of various cellular functions. However, molecular mechanisms by which various Tpm cytoplasmic regulate of the functioning of actin filaments are still poorly understood.

Access to Azetidines via Gold Mediated Energy Transfer Photocatalysis.

The area of energy transfer photocatalysis to generate four-membered rings is experiencing an unprecedented level of activity. Here, we report an operationally simple method toward azetidines from 2-isoxasoline-3-carboxylates and alkenes, using [Au(cbz)(NHC)] complexes as photocatalysts. The procedure enables the reaction for a wide range of substrates.

Expression of Amyloid Precursor Protein, Caveolin-1, Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-Secretases in Penumbra Cells after Photothrombotic Stroke and Evaluation of Neuroprotective Effect of Secretase and Caveolin-1 Inhibitors.

Our studies reveal changes in the expression of the main participants in the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in neurons and astrocytes after photothrombotic stroke (PTS). Here we show the increase in the level of N- and C-terminal fragments of APP in the cytoplasm of ischemic penumbra cells at 24 h after PTS and their co-immunoprecipitation with caveolin-1. The ADAM10 α-secretase level decreased in the rat brain cortex on the first day after PTS.

Novel cis-Pt(II) Complexes with Alkylpyrazole Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Unusual Mode of Anticancer Action.

One concept of improving anticancer effects of conventional platinum-based antitumor drugs consists of conjugating these compounds with other biologically (antitumor) active agents, acting by a different mechanism. Here, we present synthesis, physicochemical characterization, biological effects, and mechanisms of action of four new analogs of conventional cisplatin, namely, cis-Pt(II) complexes containing either methyl or ethyl pyrazole N-donor ligands and chlorido or iodido ligands. It is noteworthy that while chlorido complexes display activity in a variety of cancer cell lines comparable to cisplatin, iodido complexes are considerably more potent due to their enhanced hydrophobicity and consequently enhanced cellular accumulation.

[Shoulder instability: review of current concepts of diagnosis and treatment].

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of modern literature data on the modern approaches in diagnosis and treatment of shoulder instability.

Material And Methods: Searching for literature data was performed using the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases.

Results: The authors analyzed the results of conservative treatment of patients with shoulder instability and emphasized higher risk of instability recurrence, degeneration of anatomical structures and functional impairment in these patients.

Ultrastructural evidence for presenсe of gap junctions in rare case of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.

The phenomenon of unstable expression of gap junction's proteins connexins remains a "visiting card" of astrocytic tumors with various degrees of malignancy. At the same time, it stays unclear what is detected by the positive expression of connexins in astrocytic tumors: gap junctions, hemi-channels, or connexin proteins in cytosol. In the present work, for the first time, we demonstrate an ultrastructural evidence of gap junctions in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, a rare primary brain tumor, the intercellular characteristics of which are poorly studied and remain very discursive and controversial.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of gap junctions in human glial brain tumors].

Aim: to conduct an electron microscopic study of intercellular communication in the samples of gemistocytic astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and glioblastoma.

Material And Methods: Surgically resected tumor tissue fragments were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, afterfixed in 1% OsO4 solution, dehydrated, and embedded in epoxy resin.

[[PECULIARITIES OF THE STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF VENTRAL POSTEROMEDIAL, VENTRAL POSTEROLATERAL, AND RETICULAR NUCLEI OF RAT THALAMUS (AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY)].

The aim of this work was an immunohistochemical study of the expression of neuronal and glial proteins, and of gap junctions proteins (connexin 36, connexin 43) in ventral posteromedial (VPMN), ventral posterolateral (VPLN) and reticular (RТN) nuclei of the thalamus in rats. It was found that VPMN and VPLN of the thalamus were characterized by a homogeneous distribution of synaptophysin, grouped arrangement of astrocytes, horizontal orientation of somatostatincontaining myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers, forming the bundles, and running through the barreloid septum, expression of connexin 36 and 43 as well as of parvalbumin revealing barreloids in 4 μm-thick sections. In RTN the content of myelin basic protein, neurofilaments, parvalbumin, and somatostatin was increased, while the amount of glial fibrillary acidic protein and connexin 43 was moderate, and synaptophysin and connexin 36 were absent.

[Microbiota of lower urine tract and genital organs of healthy men and in infertility].

Aim: Study microflora of urine, ejaculate, urethra scrape in normal state and infertility.

Materials And Methods: 2 groups of men were examined: I (28)--control, conditionally healthy men (20 - 25 years of age), II (26)--infertile patients (25 - 35 years of age). Middle portion of morning urine, ejaculate, urethra scrape were studied in group I, in II--ejaculate.

[Neuronal and glial antigen distribution in the columns of somatosensory cortex of rat brain (an immunohistochemical study)].

The aim of the study was to detect the neocortical columns in the S1 field on frontal sections of brain of albino rats using the method of immunohistochemistry and the antibodies against neuronal (synaptophysin, neurofilament) and gliocyte (glial fibrillary acidic protein--GFAP, myelin basic protein) proteins. The examination of the expression of the major neurospecific antigens revealed that on thin sections (4 micromin) a column could be identified due to accumulations of the astrocytes and neuronal processes--axons and dendrites. GFAP expression study also showed that cortical layer I usually contained multiple large astrocytes with branching processes, as well as numerous smaller processes with high intensity of expression.

[Analysis of spatial arrangement of gap junctions in respect to chemical synapses in the serial ultrathin sections of rat barrel cortex].

Electron microscopic investigation of gap junctions (GJ) on serial sections of rat barrel cortex has shown that GJ were in contact with one or both processes that formed chemical synapses, however, these connections could not traced in single sections. In the serial sections, it was possible to observe two GJ in the immediate proximity to one another, in a single field of vision, thus, each GJ was traced in two or three successive sections in a series. Considering the described variants of GJ arrangement in the cortex, it is suggested that GJ could be a structural basis for local synchronization of the bioelectrical activity not only at postsynaptic, but also at presynaptic level, and the formation of GJ occurs both before, and after the development of chemical synapses.

[Structural organization of the barrel cerebral cortex in rat (an immunohistochemical study)].

Immunohistochemical investigation of the regional distribution of neuronal and glial elements in the barrels of somatic cortex was carried out in rats (n=10). High level of synaptophysin protein expression was detected in the in barrel walls together with the accumulation of astroglial cells in their central areas. Ultrastructural investigation of chemical synapse structure showed the predominance of asymmetrical perforated axospinous contacts, presumably of excitatory type.

Laminar distribution of gap-junctions in rat somatic cortical columns.

Results about the spindle-like activity peculiarities and the dendro-dendritic gap-junctions numbers in the infragranular and supragranular layers (modules) of the rat somatic cortex columns are presented. During simultaneous recording of extracellular field potentials from the cortical columns, the following was revealed: (i) the spindle-like activity was more synchronized inside one cortical column than in different columns; (ii) in most of the experiments (9 out of 10) an amplitude of the spindle waves was two times more in the supragranular layers than in the infragranular layers. During electron microscopy investigation of the experimental objects used in the electrophysiological study, it was shown that the number of the gap-junctions was more in the supragranular columnar layers as compared with the infragranular layers (4.

Synthesis and anti-viral activity of azolo-adamantanes against influenza A virus.

Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of influenza is one of the most important directions of health protection activity. Due to the high rate of drug-resistant strains of influenza virus, there is a need for the search and further development of new potent antivirals against influenza with a broad spectrum of activity. In the present study, a set of di-, tri- and tetrazole derivatives of adamantane was efficiently prepared and their anti-influenza activities evaluated against rimantadine-resistant strain A/Puerto Rico/8/34.