Printing technologies for the fabrication of ion-selective electrodes.

The fabrication of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) via printing technologies such as screen-printing, inkjet printing, and 3D printing is attracting increasing attention due to the superb reproducibility and scalability of these technologies. In contrast to traditional manual casting, coating, and assembling procedures often used in research labs, printing methods are much more compatible with manufacturing processes in industry and, therefore, are easier to scale up. In this paper, we first summarized and compared the printing mechanisms and ink requirements of screen printing, inkjet printing, and 3D printing technologies.