A reward self-bias leads to more optimal foraging for ourselves than others.

People are self-biased for rewards. We place a higher value on rewards if we receive them than if other people do. However, existing work has ignored one of the most powerful theorems from behavioural ecology of how animals seek resources in everyday life, the Marginal Value Theorem (MVT), which accounts for optimal behaviour for maximising resources intake rate.

Moral Learning and Decision-Making Across the Lifespan.

Moral learning and decision-making are crucial throughout our lives, from infancy to old age. Emerging evidence suggests that there are important differences in learning and deciding in moral situations, and these are underpinned by co-occurring changes in the use of model-based values and theory of mind. Here, we review the decision neuroscience literature on moral choices and moral learning considering four key concepts.

Older adults are relatively more susceptible to impulsive social influence than young adults.

People differ in their levels of impulsivity and patience, and these preferences are heavily influenced by others. Previous research suggests that susceptibility to social influence may vary with age, but the mechanisms and whether people are more influenced by patience or impulsivity remain unknown. Here, using a delegated inter-temporal choice task and Bayesian computational models, we tested susceptibility to social influence in young (aged 18-36, N = 76) and older (aged 60-80, N = 78) adults.

Social psychology: Predicting other people's attention to understand their mind.

Humans are highly social beings who are interested in what others are saying, thinking, and doing. A recent study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences finds that we can easily tell whether a person’s pattern of attention is natural or artificially manipulated.

Student radiographers' knowledge and experience of lateral hip X-ray positioning: A survey.

Introduction: The horizontal beam lateral (HBL) position technique for X-ray imaging has been used for nearly a century; however, this can be challenging for the patient and the practitioner, as it potentially compromises patient dignity. This study explores student radiographers' knowledge and experience of lateral hip positions and their impact on diagnostic quality and patient dignity.

Method: A cross-sectional mixed-method online survey of undergraduate diagnostic radiography students was completed.

The role of imaging in the diagnosis of potential air pollution related illness: A narrative review.

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes the global issue of poor air quality, largely attributed to the release of pollutants by human activity. In a significant development, air pollution was officially recorded as a cause of death in the UK for the first time in 2021, prompting the creation of the Clean Air Bill and campaigns to reduce emissions. In light of these developments, this paper aims to map available literature on air pollution-related illnesses, with a specific focus on the role of radiographic imaging in their diagnosis.

Reinforcement learning of altruistic punishment differs between cultures and across the lifespan.

Altruistic punishment is key to establishing cooperation and maintaining social order, yet its developmental trends across cultures remain unclear. Using computational reinforcement learning models, we provided the first evidence of how social feedback dynamically influences group-biased altruistic punishment across cultures and the lifespan. Study 1 (n = 371) found that Chinese participants exhibited higher learning rates than Americans when socially incentivized to punish unfair allocations.

Human ventromedial prefrontal cortex is necessary for prosocial motivation.

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is vital for decision-making. Functional neuroimaging links vmPFC to processing rewards and effort, while parallel work suggests vmPFC involvement in prosocial behaviour. However, the necessity of vmPFC for these functions is unknown.

Comparing the standard knee X-ray exposure factor, 10 kV rule, and modified 10 kV rule techniques in digital radiography to reduce patient radiation dose without loss of image quality.

Introduction: The 10 Kilovoltage (kV) rule was a historic exposure adaption technique designed for film screen X-ray imaging to reduce ionising radiation dose without loss of image quality. This study evaluates knee X-ray radiation dose and image quality between standard patient exposure factors, the historic 10 kV rule (-50 % Milliampere-second (mAs), and a modified 10 kV rule (-75 % mAs) using a digital radiography (DR) system.

Method: Applying the exposure factors of 63 kV and 8 mAs (standard pre-set exposure), 73 kV and 4 mAs (historic 10 kV rule) and 73 kV and 2 mAs (modified 10 kV) to a phantom knee and recording entrance skin dose (ESD) using thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLDs).

Reduced prosocial motivation and effort in adolescents with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits.

Background: Prosocial behaviours - acts that benefit others - are of crucial importance for many species including humans. However, adolescents with conduct problems (CP), unlike their typically developing (TD) peers, demonstrate markedly reduced engagement in prosocial behaviours. This pattern is particularly pronounced in adolescents with CP and high levels of callous-unemotional traits (CP/HCU) who are at increased risk of developing psychopathy in adulthood.

Obesity bias in diagnostic radiography students: A survey of attitudes, perceptions and technical confidence.

Introduction: Obesity bias exists in healthcare professionals and students from numerous disciplines and negatively impacts the quality of care, outcomes, engagement, and satisfaction of their patients. With obesity rates continuing to rise in the United Kingdom (UK), more patients will be affected than ever, and it is becoming an increasingly important issue to tackle. This study aims to assess the attitudes to obesity of student diagnostic radiographers and determine if obesity bias exists in this population.

Care of transgender patients by diagnostic radiographers: What can be learnt from the literature.

Introduction: Transgender patients have described negative healthcare experiences, including discrimination and feeling unwelcome. Additionally, these patients are at risk of inadequate or unsafe care due to healthcare providers being unable to obtain and record transgender patients' correct gender and assigned birth sex. This literature review aims to review radiology and radiographer articles published since 2018 about transgender healthcare issues and make recommendations that can be applied by diagnostic radiographers, their managers and diagnostic radiography programme providers.

Assessing the barriers and enablers to the implementation of the diagnostic radiographer musculoskeletal X-ray reporting service within the NHS in England: a systematic literature review.

Introduction: The United Kingdom (UK) government's healthcare policy in the early 1990s paved the way adoption of the skills mix development and implementation of diagnostic radiographers' X-ray reporting service. Current clinical practice within the public UK healthcare system reflects the same pressures of increased demand in patient imaging and limited capacity of the reporting workforce (radiographers and radiologists) as in the 1990s. This study aimed to identify, define and assess the longitudinal macro, meso, and micro barriers and enablers to the implementation of the diagnostic radiographer musculoskeletal X-ray reporting service in the National Healthcare System (NHS) in England.

Impostor phenomenon traits in radiography students: Findings from a UK pilot survey.

Introduction: Impostor Phenomenon (IP) includes feelings of being a fraud, which can be associated with high anxiety levels. Research suggests healthcare students on clinical placement report high levels of anxiety. This study aimed to explore radiography students' (diagnostic and therapeutic) IP traits within the United Kingdom (UK).

Love under lockdown: How changes in time with partner impacted stress and relationship outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

With the onset of COVID-19, governments around much of the world implemented strict social distancing and stay-at-home orders that profoundly affected the amount of time many couples were spending together. In the present research, we examined whether perceptions of a change in time spent with a partner were associated with stress, and whether stress levels in turn predicted relationship commitment and satisfaction, both in the short term (Time 1) and longer term (Time 2; i.e.

Action initiation and punishment learning differ from childhood to adolescence while reward learning remains stable.

Theoretical and empirical accounts suggest that adolescence is associated with heightened reward learning and impulsivity. Experimental tasks and computational models that can dissociate reward learning from the tendency to initiate actions impulsively (action initiation bias) are thus critical to characterise the mechanisms that drive developmental differences. However, existing work has rarely quantified both learning ability and action initiation, or it has relied on small samples.

Probing apathy in children and adolescents with the Apathy Motivation Index-Child version.

Apathy is linked to mental health and altered neurocognitive functions such as learning and decision-making in healthy adults. Mental health problems typically begin to emerge during adolescence, yet little is known about how apathy develops due to an absence of quantitative measurements specific to young people. Here, we present and evaluate the Apathy Motivation Index-Child Version (AMI-CV) for children and adolescents.

Normative Processing Needs Multiple Levels of Explanation: From Algorithm to Implementation.

Norms are the rules about what is allowed or forbidden by social groups. A key debate for norm psychology is whether these rules arise from mechanisms that are domain-specific and genetically inherited or domain-general and deployed for many other nonnorm processes. Here we argue for the importance of assessing and testing domain-specific and domain-general processes at multiple levels of explanation, from algorithmic (psychological) to implementational (neural).

Impaired Punishment Learning in Conduct Disorder.

Objective: Conduct disorder (CD) has been associated with deficits in the use of punishment to guide reinforcement learning (RL) and decision making. This may explain the poorly planned and often impulsive antisocial and aggressive behavior in affected youths. Here, we used a computational modeling approach to examine differences in RL abilities between CD youths and typically developing controls (TDCs).