[Assessment of the significance of dilated perivascular spaces and nocture arterial hypertension in the development of Alzheimer's disease].

Objective: To study the severity and localization of dilated perivascular spaces (DPVS), the levels of protein markers of amyloidosis and neurodegeneration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at different daily blood pressure (BP) profiles in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of cognitive impairment.

Material And Methods: A total of 119 people, aged 53 to 92 years, including 55 patients with AD, 27 patients with vascular cognitive disorders (VCD), 19 patients with frontotemporal degeneration (FTD). All patients underwent BP monitoring for 24 hours using a standard oscillometric measurement method, lumbar puncture to assess A-42 and A-40 amyloid protein, total and phosphorylated tau protein in the CSF, magnetic resonance imaging tomography of the brain with subsequent assessment of the severity of expansion and localization of DPVS according to the G.

[Comparative characteristics of neuropsychological and neurometabolic changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment].

Objective: To investigate the pattern and connections of neuropsychological and metabolic indices in patients with cognitive disorders of Alzheimer's and vascular (subcortical-cortical) types of different severity.

Material And Methods: A total of 177 patients were examined, including 85 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 92 patients with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). All patients underwent complex neuropsychological examination; F-FDG PET was performed in 17 patients with AD and 15 patients with VCI.

[Multi-center open comparative randomized study of efficacy and safety of Akatinol Memantine 20 mg (single-doses) vs Akatinol Memantine 10 mg (double-doses) in patients with vascular dementia].

Objective: Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the drug Acatinol Memantine, 20 mg (once daily) in comparison with the drug Acatinol Memantine, 10 mg (twice daily) in patients with moderate to moderate severe vascular dementia.

Material And Methods: The study included 130 patients aged 50-85 years of both sexes with instrumentally and clinically confirmed vascular dementia. The patients were randomized into 2 groups.

[Traumatic brain injury as risk factor of Alzheimer's disease and possibilities of pathogenetic therapy].

The article examines the potential role of brain mechanical damage as a trigger for the development of neurodegenerative changes. Attention is paid to dysfunction of the neurovascular unit, and disruption of the functional and compensatory capabilities of blood flow. The importance of microhemorrhages that occur in the acute period of injury and the formation of first focal and then diffuse neuroinflammation is emphasized.

[Cognitive impairment and tactics of using the drug Cerebrolysin. Resolution of the International Council of Experts (May 12, 2023)].

The aging of the population and the associated increase in the share of cognitive impairments in the structure of a wide range of diseases are a serious challenge for modern healthcare. Difficulties in the treatment of cognitive disorders are determined by many factors, including the age of patients, comorbidity, forced polypragmasia and the adequacy of the dosage of drugs that restore cognitive activity. The experts discussed information about the therapeutic potential of the drug Cerebrolysin in the treatment of cognitive disorders of various origins, stated significant experience of its effective and safe use in many clinical studies in mild and moderate forms of dementia.

[A new paradigm for the development of neurodegenerative diseases on the example of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.].

The role of neuronal inflammation developing during the formation of amyloid plaques and Lewy bodies has been investigated. The influence of various exogenous and endogenous factors on the development of neuroinflammation has been established, but the role of various infectious agents in the development of this process has been much less studied. Today, the existence of a universal trigger mechanism of the neurodegenerative process is obvious: a specific pathogen of a bacterial or viral nature (including a long-term persistent in the nervous tissue in a latent state), reactivating, penetrates into certain cerebral structures, where it is influenced by either Aβ or resident macrophages of the central nervous system, which, in turn, are activated and induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to the development of neuronal inflammation, autophagy and neurodegeneration.

[General mechanisms of the pathogenesis of neurodenerative and cerebrovascular diseases and the possibilities of their correction].

The recent research has revealed several common pathogenetic mechanisms underlying both vascular and neurodegenerative processes. This refers to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, pathology of neurovascular units and the blood-brain barrier. The process of brain recovery in various lesions is realized due to the mechanisms of neuroplasticity.

[Prevention of cognitive disorders in elderly and senile patients.].

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin D on the cognitive functions and quality of life in elderly and senile patients with cerebrovascular disease. 100 elderly and senile patients with cerebrovascular disease were examined: 60 people - level 25 (OH)D in blood serum <20 ng/ml (deficiency, pronounced deficiency), in 40 people this indicator was ≥30 ng/ml (within the normal range). Cognitive functions were evaluated according to neuropsychological scales (MMSE, MoCA, FAB, «clock drawing test», Schulte tables).

Ribonucleocapsid assembly/packaging signals in the genomes of the coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2: detection, comparison and implications for therapeutic targeting.

The genomic ssRNA of coronaviruses is packaged within a helical nucleocapsid. Due to transitional symmetry of a helix, weakly specific cooperative interaction between ssRNA and nucleocapsid proteins leads to the natural selection of specific quasi-periodic assembly/packaging signals in the related genomic sequence. Such signals coordinated with the nucleocapsid helical structure were detected and reconstructed in the genomes of the coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.

Genome packaging within icosahedral capsids and large-scale segmentation in viral genomic sequences.

The assembly and maturation of viruses with icosahedral capsids must be coordinated with icosahedral symmetry. The icosahedral symmetry imposes also the restrictions on the cooperative specific interactions between genomic RNA/DNA and coat proteins that should be reflected in quasi-regular segmentation of viral genomic sequences. Combining discrete direct and double Fourier transforms, we studied the quasi-regular large-scale segmentation in genomic sequences of different ssRNA, ssDNA, and dsDNA viruses.

[Primary headache - risk factor or comorbid pathology in cognitive impairment].

Currently, the relationship between headache and dementia is considered more widely than just a comorbidity. The severity of migraine and tension-type headache and the severity of cognitive impairment are strongly correlated. Common pathophysiological mechanisms underlie the relationship between primary headache and cognitive impairment.

Low Altitude Solar Magnetic Reconnection, Type III Solar Radio Bursts, and X-ray Emissions.

Type III solar radio bursts are the Sun's most intense and frequent nonthermal radio emissions. They involve two critical problems in astrophysics, plasma physics, and space physics: how collective processes produce nonthermal radiation and how magnetic reconnection occurs and changes magnetic energy into kinetic energy. Here magnetic reconnection events are identified definitively in Solar Dynamics Observatory UV-EUV data, with strong upward and downward pairs of jets, current sheets, and cusp-like geometries on top of time-varying magnetic loops, and strong outflows along pairs of open magnetic field lines.

[Complex diagnostic of cognitive impairment].

In this article, the authors discussed the various aspects of pre-dementia stages of cognitive impairment, predominantly of neurodegenerative etiology. The modern conception of the pathophysiology of initial stages of cognitive impairment, the potential for lifetime pathological markers of amyloidosis and neurodegeneration are discussed. The authors proposed to use the concept of 'early signs of cognitive impairment'.

Large-scale chromosome folding versus genomic DNA sequences: A discrete double Fourier transform technique.

Using state-of-the-art techniques combining imaging methods and high-throughput genomic mapping tools leaded to the significant progress in detailing chromosome architecture of various organisms. However, a gap still remains between the rapidly growing structural data on the chromosome folding and the large-scale genome organization. Could a part of information on the chromosome folding be obtained directly from underlying genomic DNA sequences abundantly stored in the databanks? To answer this question, we developed an original discrete double Fourier transform (DDFT).

[Pathomorphological changes in dementia: a priority of domestic researchers].

The authors analyze the clinical and pathomorphological description of dementia presented in the dissertation of S.A. Belyakov written under the supervision of professor I.

[Comprehensive early diagnosis of cognitive impairment].

Objective: To study cognitive function, CSF biochemical markers of amyloidosis and neurodegeneration, cerebral metabolism using PET, cerebral volumetric changes and metabolic content of the cingular gyrus using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in patients with amnesic and neurodynamic variants of mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Material And Methods: Authors examined 369 patients with cognitive impairment of different severity. All patients underwent neuropsychological examination.

Computational methods of identification of pseudogenes based on functionality: entropy and GC content.

Spectral entropy and GC content analyses reveal comprehensive structural features of DNA sequences. To illustrate the significance of these features, we analyze the β-esterase gene cluster, including the Est-6 gene and the ψEst-6 putative pseudogene, in seven species of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. The spectral entropies show distinctly lower structural ordering for ψEst-6 than for Est-6 in all species studied.

[Possibilities of pharmacological modulation of brain glutamatergic system in the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment].

An aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of noojerone (memantine) in patients with cognitive impairment comorbid to brain ischemia, stages II-III. The main group (30 patients, aged 64-86 years) was treated with noojerone in addition to standard therapy according to dosage scheme during 6 months. The control group (15 patients, aged 61-78 years) received standard therapy only.

[Scheme of the diagnostic of secondary cognitive impairment in outpatient].

Cognitive disorders developing as consequence of a number of diseases of brain, are an actual problem. Now diagnostics techniques of cognitive disorders have not entered yet into wide and daily medical practice. Thus timely and exact diagnostics of these conditions allows to begin therapy in the earliest term.

[Complex therapy and rehabilitation approach patients with posttraumatic cognitive defects].

The craniocerebral trauma is one of the major problems of modern medicine. The significant amount of the patients who have had a trauma of the brain become invalids, this situation promotes their social and household disadaptation. The origin of the damage of the highest cortical functions which embarrass full reintegration of patients into different spheres of activity has a particular significance.

[Clinical features of the formation and possibilities of treatment of posttraumatic cognitive disturbances].

We studied the efficacy of akatinol memantine compared to that of piracetam in the treatment of 41 patients with posttraumatic cognitive disturbances (20 patients were treated with akatinol memannine and 21 patients with piracetam) during 24 weeks. Ten patients had a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 11 patients had mild TBI. Treatment efficacy was assessed during 6 months using the data of clinical examination, neuropsychological testing, CT and MRI.

[The 1st native department of nervous and mental diseases].

In 1860 year in Medical-surgical academy in St. Petersburg was found the first department of nervous and mental diseases. With this department are aligned names of the greatest native neurologists and psychiatrists (Merzheevsky I.