PI3K-C2β limits mTORC1 signaling and angiogenic growth.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) phosphorylate intracellular inositol lipids to regulate signaling and intracellular vesicular trafficking. Mammals have eight PI3K isoforms, of which class I PI3Kα and class II PI3K-C2α are essential for vascular development. The class II PI3K-C2β is also abundant in endothelial cells.

Angiocrine polyamine production regulates adiposity.

Reciprocal interactions between endothelial cells (ECs) and adipocytes are fundamental to maintain white adipose tissue (WAT) homeostasis, as illustrated by the activation of angiogenesis upon WAT expansion, a process that is impaired in obesity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between ECs and adipocytes remain poorly understood. Here, we show that local production of polyamines in ECs stimulates adipocyte lipolysis and regulates WAT homeostasis in mice.

Antitumor Effects of Anti-Semaphorin 4D Antibody Unravel a Novel Proinvasive Mechanism of Vascular-Targeting Agents.

One of the main consequences of inhibition of neovessel growth and vessel pruning produced by angiogenesis inhibitors is increased intratumor hypoxia. Growing evidence indicates that tumor cells escape from this hypoxic environment to better nourished locations, presenting hypoxia as a positive stimulus for invasion. In particular, anti-VEGF/R therapies produce hypoxia-induced invasion and metastasis in a spontaneous mouse model of pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer (PanNET), RIP1-Tag2.

Influence of grain processing on acid-base balance in feedlot steers.

Grain processing (e.g. grinding, steaming, pelleting, flaking) has been reported to modify the incidence of ruminal disturbances in feedlot cattle.

Fine structure of neuronal and glial processes in neuropathology.

The cells of the nervous system are characterized by their well-formed cell processes and by cell-to-cell relationships that they form. The neuron reveals essentially cylindrical processes, which form synaptic junctions. On the other hand, the peripheral parts of the glial cells are mainly sheet-like in nature.

Consensus document on the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in dental surgery and procedures.

The goal of antibiotic prophylaxis in Odontology is to prevent the onset of infections through the entranceway provided by the therapeutic action, therefore it is indicated providing there is a considerable risk of infection, either because of the characteristics of the operation itself or the patient s local or general condition. Nonetheless, clinical trials with antibiotics in dental pathologies have had scant regard for the required methodological criteria and, in addition, are not sufficiently numerous. This text presents the results of an expert conference comprising the Presidents of the most representative Scientific Societies in Spain who have analyzed the existing literature and have drawn on their valuable professional experience.

Two cases of spinal meningeal melanocytoma.

Meningeal melanocytoma is a rare pigmented tumor originating from the melanocytes that generally occurs in the posterior fossa and the spinal cord. Although it is known as a relatively benign tumor, some recurrences have been reported. We report two cases of spinal meningeal melanocytoma with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies.

Epithelial differentiation and proliferative potential in spinal ependymomas.

The aim of this investigation was recognition of the epithelial differentiation and proliferative activity of ependymomas in the spinal cord compared with astrocytomas in the spinal cord and ependymoma in the brain. We investigated histopathological and immunohistochemical examination in thirty-five cases, including eleven ependymomas, thirteen astrocytomas in the spinal region and eleven ependymomas in the intracranial region. An anti-epithelial membrane antigen antibody (EMA), and two types of anti-cytokeratin antibodies, CAM 5.

MAP-2e, a novel MAP-2 isoform, is expressed in gliomas and delineates tumor architecture and patterns of infiltration.

The MAP-2 isoform containing exon 13 (MAP-2e) is expressed in human fetal development as early as 15 gestational weeks and parallels oligodendrocyte maturation. MAP-2e is down-regulated following myelination and is expressed in few cells in the adult central nervous system (CNS). To determine whether CNS tumors express MAP-2e, we screened 122 archival, paraffin-embedded adult and pediatric tumors of the CNS and non-CNS.

Meningeal Rosai-Dorfman disease: report of three cases and literature review.

Rosai-Dorfman disease is a well-recognized clinicopathological entity, which in rare cases affects the central nervous system, where it mimics meningioma. We describe three cases and review the literature. Histological and immunohistochemical confirmation is essential for definitive diagnosis.

Patterns of central nervous system recurrence in patients with systemic human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-hodgkin lymphoma.

Background: Central nervous system involvement is a common manifestation of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The purpose of this study was to review the frequency and pattern of neurologic manifestation of lymphoma in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals with systemic NHL.

Methods: Sixty-two patients with HIV-associated systemic NHL received infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide.

Paraganglioma of the filum terminale: case report and literature review.

A rare case of a paraganglioma of the filum terminale is reported. The patient presented with headache and papilledema. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated enlarged ventricles of the brain and a well-demarcated intradural spine tumor.

Solitary primary CNS lymphoma: long term survival following total resection.

Primary non-Hodgkin's CNS lymphoma is rare, constituting 0.3-1.5% of all intracranial neoplasms in patients without AIDS.

Pretreatment with intraventricular aurintricarboxylic acid decreases infarct size by inhibiting apoptosis following transient global ischemia in gerbils.

The goal of this study was to determine whether aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), an endonuclease inhibitor known to inhibit apoptosis, could ameliorate cell damage in a gerbil model of transient ischemia. Transient ischemia was induced in gerbils by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for a period of 5 minutes. Four micrograms of ATA was administered intraventricularly 1 hour before ischemia, and the brains were assessed histologically 1 week later to quantitate cell loss in the vulnerable CA-1 subsector of the hippocampus.

Rhabdoid transformation of tumor cells in meningiomas: a histologic indication of increased proliferative activity: report of four cases.

Four cases of meningeal tumors in adults (ages ranging from 28 to 84 years) are presented. All had the typical gross appearance of meningiomas at operation. In three tumors, areas of meningothelial or fibroblastic meningiomas showed transition to cell groups of the rhabdoid type.

Glioma of the tongue.

A case of glioma of the tongue that was treated successfully by simple excision and repair is presented. It may represent neural tissue that remains in the occipital somites that differentiate into the tongue muscles. Histologically, it consists of sheets of glial tissue.

Epithelial differentiation in intraspinal meningiomas.

To investigate the epithelial features of intraspinal meningiomas, 25 intraspinal meningiomas and 25 intracranial meningiomas were examined for the presence of pseudopsammoma bodies with hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining. In addition, we investigated the expression of keratin and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) by immunohistochemical methods. Pseudopsammoma bodies were found in 3 of 25 cases of intracranial meningiomas (12%), but no definitive pseudopsammoma bodies were observed the intraspinal meningiomas.

A histopathological study of craniopharyngioma with special reference to its stroma and surrounding tissue.

The numerous pathology reports on craniopharyngioma describe the classical features of squamous epithelium and keratin. Relatively little attention has been paid to its stroma and the surrounding tissue. We focused our observation on these two areas in a retrospective study of craniopharyngiomas in 36 operative cases and 5 autopsy cases.

Comparative cytokine gene expression in synovial tissue of early rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthropathies.

Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1 beta), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene expression was determined in knee synovium of 16 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 16 patients with seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SSP), by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The pattern of cytokines observed in RA synovium is of the macrophage-fibroblast type, with the highest expression of IL-1 beta and TGF-beta. GM-CSF and IL-2 bands were visualized in a minority of patients.

Determining the maximal length of a vein conduit used as an interposition graft for nerve regeneration.

Although autogenous veins have been used as nerve conduits (AVNCs) both experimentally and clinically for short nerve gaps up to 3 cm, investigators have not as yet determined the maximal effective length for functional nerve regeneration. In addition, the role of the distal nerve stump on subsequent nerve growth remains unclear. A rabbit peroneal nerve AVNC model was used to study axonal regeneration through nerve gaps of 1 to 6 cm.

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in pediatric and adult cerebral arteriovenous malformations: an immunocytochemical study.

Children and adults may differ with respect to their cerebral vasculature in both normal and pathological states. The authors have identified four pediatric patients in whom a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) recurred after surgery for removal of the AVM and in whom a normal postoperative angiogram had been obtained. This phenomenon has not been observed in adults.

Ganglion cyst of the odontoid process. Case report and review of the literature.

Study Design: This case report illustrates that although it is rare, a ganglion cyst can occur intraosseously in the odontoid process.

Objectives: The tissue diagnosis was established by surgical resection of the cyst membrane and evacuation of the cyst content. The patient tolerated the procedure well, and the hospital course was uneventful.

Pathology of cerebral metastases.

Important pathologic features of cerebral metastases include the route of spread of tumor cells to the brain, differences among metastases based on location in dura mater, leptomeninges, and brain parenchyma, differences based on primary tumor site, both known and unknown, the means of spread of metastases within the brain, and the brain's reactions to metastases. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy are increasingly used in the pathologic evaluation of cerebral metastasis.

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma in anterior skull base: case report.

We report the case of a 16-year-old boy who presented with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma involving the ethmoid sinus, right orbit, nasal cavity, and anterior cranial fossa. The tumor was totally resected by craniofacial surgery; the patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of highly cellular undifferentiated small cells, alternating with zones of cartilaginous tissues.