[XVI Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: review of the new developments presented at the 2023 ECTRIMS Congress (II)].

The XVI Post-ECTRIMS meeting was held in Seville on 20 and 21 October 2023, where expert neurologists in multiple sclerosis (MS) summarised the main new developments presented at the ECTRIMS 2023 congress, which took place in Milan from 11 to 13 October. The aim of this article is to summarise the content presented at the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, in an article in two parts. This second part covers the health of women and elderly MS patients, new trends in the treatment of cognitive impairment, focusing particularly on meditation, neuroeducation and cognitive rehabilitation, and introduces the concept of fatigability, which has been used to a limited extent in MS.

[XVI Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: review of the new developments presented at the 2023 ECTRIMS Congress (I)].

The XVI Post-ECTRIMS meeting took place in Seville on 20 and 21 October 2023. This meeting was attended by neurologists specialising in multiple sclerosis (MS) from Spain, who shared a summary of the most interesting innovations at the ECTRIMS congress, which had taken place in Milan the previous week. The aim of this article is to summarise new developments related to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prognosis of MS.

[15th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: a review of the latest developments presented at the 2022 ECTRIMS Congress (Part II)].

Introduction: On 4 and 5 November 2022, Madrid hosted the 15th edition of the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, where neurologists specialised in multiple sclerosis outlined the latest developments presented at the 2022 ECTRIMS Congress, held in Amsterdam from 26 to 28 October.

Aim: To synthesise the content presented at the 15th edition of the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, in an article broken down into two parts.

Development: This second part describes the new developments in terms of therapeutic strategies for escalation and de-escalation of disease-modifying therapies (DMT), when and in whom to initiate or switch to highly effective DMT, the definition of therapeutic failure, the possibility of treating radiologically isolated syndrome and the future of personalised treatment and precision medicine.

[15th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: a review of the latest developments presented at the 2022 ECTRIMS Congress (Part I)].

Introduction: On 4 and 5 November 2022, Madrid hosted the 15th edition of the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, where neurologists specialised in multiple sclerosis (MS) outlined the most relevant novelties presented at the 2022 ECTRIMS Congress, held in Amsterdam from 26 to 28 October.

Aim: To synthesise the content presented at the 15th edition of the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, in an article broken down into two parts.

Development: In this first part, the initial events involved in the onset of MS, the role played by lymphocytes and the migration of immune system cells into the central nervous system are presented.

Cost-Analysis of Subcutaneous vs Intravenous Administration of Natalizumab Based on Patient Care Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis in Spain.

Introduction: A subcutaneous (SC) formulation of natalizumab has been recently authorised for multiple sclerosis patients. This study aimed to assess the implications of the new SC formulation, and to compare the annual treatment costs of SC versus intravenous (IV) natalizumab therapy from both the Spanish healthcare system (direct health cost) and the patient (indirect cost) perspectives.

Methods: A patient care pathway map and a cost-minimisation analysis were developed to estimate SC and IV natalizumab annual costs over a 2-year time horizon.

13th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: review of the new developments presented at the 2020 ECTRIMS Congress (II).

Introduction: For more than a decade, after the ECTRIMS Congress, Spain has hosted the Post-ECTRIMS meeting, where neurologists with expertise in multiple sclerosis (MS) meet to review the new developments presented at the ECTRIMS.

Aim: This article, published in two parts, summarises the presentations of the post-ECTRIMS meeting, held online on 16 and 17 October 2020.

Development: This second part highlights the importance of gender and age in understanding the pathology of the disease and optimising its management.

13th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: review of the new developments presented at the 2020 ECTRIMS Congress (I).

Introduction: For more than a decade, following the ECTRIMS Congress, the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting has been held in Spain, where neurologists with expertise in multiple sclerosis (MS) from all over the country meet to review the most relevant latest developments presented at the ECTRIMS congress (on this occasion held together with ACTRIMS).

Aim: This article, published in two parts, summarises the presentations that took place at the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, held online on 16 and 17 October 2020.

Development: This first part includes the latest results regarding the impact of the environment and lifestyle on risk of MS and its clinical course, and the role of epigenetics and genetic factors on these processes.

[12th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: review of the novelties from the 2019 ECTRIMS Congress (I)].

Introduction: Like every year, after the ECTRIMS Congress, renowned Spanish neurologists who are experts in multiple sclerosis presented the main novelties in research in this field at the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting.

Aim: To summarise the content presented at the 12th edition of the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, which took place in September 2019 in Sevilla and is presented in two parts.

Development: This first part addresses the latest studies on vitamin D deficiency and the discrepancies that currently exist regarding its treatment.

Dose-dependent effect of cannabinoid WIN-55,212-2 on myelin repair following a demyelinating insult.

Dysfunctions in the endocannabinoid system have been associated with experimental animal models and multiple sclerosis patients. Interestingly, the endocannabinoid system has been reported to confer neuroprotection against demyelination. The present study aims to assess the effects of the cannabinoid agonist WIN-55,212-2 in cuprizone fed animals on myelin repair capacity.

Review of the novelties presented at the 2018 ECTRIMS Congress: 11th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting (II).

The Post-ECTRIMS Meeting was held for the eleventh consecutive year in October 2018 in Madrid, with the aim of analysing the advances made in multiple sclerosis that were highlighted at the latest ECTRIMS annual congress. Based on the issues discussed at this meeting, attended by the nation's foremost opinion leaders on multiple sclerosis, two review articles are presented. This second part includes the growing body of evidence confirming the safety of exposure to disease-modifying treatments in women planning a pregnancy, and the beneficial effect of breastfeeding, provided that the disease is not very active.

[Review of the novelties presented at the 2018 ECTRIMS Congress: 11th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting (I)].

The Post-ECTRIMS Meeting is an emblematic event in Spain which seeks to review and disseminate the main advances in multiple sclerosis presented at the ECTRIMS annual congress. In October 2018, the eleventh Post-ECTRIMS meeting was held in Madrid and was attended by the country's leading experts in multiple sclerosis. As a result of this meeting, we present two articles which outline the most interesting novelties discussed there.

[Cladribine in the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis].

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurological disease of the central nervous system where inflammation and neurodegeneration converge, inducing a disorder with both a progressive course and a high degree of disability. Multiple sclerosis usually begins between the ages of 20 and 40 and affects two to three times as many women as men. The main objective of pharmacological management is to reduce the inflammation and to delay the disability onset.

[Review of the novelties from the 2017 ECTRIMS Congress, presented at the 10th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting (II)].

The Post-ECTRIMS Meeting is an emblematic event in the field of multiple sclerosis in Spain. Its chief aim is bring together the country's leading specialist neurologists to analyse the main advances made in multiple sclerosis and to review the most important topics addressed at the ECTRIMS Congress. The tenth Post-ECTRIMS Meeting was held in November 2017.

Effects of repeated long-term psychosocial stress and acute cannabinoid exposure on mouse corticostriatal circuitries: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Introduction: Vulnerability to psychiatric manifestations is achieved by the influence of genetic and environment including stress and cannabis consumption. Here, we used a psychosocial stress model based on resident-intruder confrontations to study the brain corticostriatal-function, since deregulation of corticostriatal circuitries has been reported in many psychiatric disorders. CB receptors are widely expressed in the central nervous system and particularly, in both cortex and striatum brain structures.

Review of the novelties from the 32nd ECTRIMS Congress, 2016, presented at the 9th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting (II).

For the ninth year in a row the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting has been held in Madrid (Spain) with the aim of presenting and discussing the hottest issues debated at the ECTRIMS Congress by renowned specialists in multiple sclerosis in our country. One outcome of this scientific activity, endorsed by the Spanish Neurology Society, is this review article, which is published in two parts. This second part reflects the current controversy over the management of multiple sclerosis, especially as regards the progressive forms and their differential diagnosis.

Review of the novelties from the 32nd ECTRIMS Congress, 2016, presented at the 9th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting (I).

For the ninth year in a row the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting has been held in Madrid (Spain) with the aim of presenting and discussing the hottest issues debated at the ECTRIMS Congress by renowned specialists in multiple sclerosis in our country. One outcome of this scientific activity, endorsed by the Spanish Neurology Society, is this review article, which is published in two parts. This first part addresses family planning, pregnancy management and the role of breastfeeding in women with multiple sclerosis.

[Response to treatment with interferon beta in patients with multiple sclerosis. Validation of the Rio Score].

Introduction: Different criteria have been proposed for the response to treatment with interferon beta, and the Rio Score is one of the most widely used. The aim of this study was to validate the usefulness of the Rio Score in an independent cohort.

Patients And Methods: A multi-centre, prospective, longitudinal study was conducted on patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with interferon beta.

Review of the novelties from the 31st ECTRIMS Congress, 2015, presented at the 8th Post-ECTRIMS meeting.

Renowned national specialists in multiple sclerosis (MS) met, for the eighth year in a row, to give details of the latest novelties presented at the last ECTRIMS Congress 2015, which are included in this review. One of the highlights at this Congress was the new classification of the phenotypes of MS. Both the diagnostic criteria of the neuromyelitis optica spectrum and the problems involved in the differential diagnosis derived from the lack of definition of the radiological spectrum were reviewed.

Onset-adjusted incidence of multiple sclerosis in the Girona province (Spain): Evidence of increasing risk in the south of Europe.

Background: Recent studies show an increasing incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in southern Europe. Although by its geographical location and genetic characteristics Spain is expected to be similar to other southern European regions, data on incidence are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the onset-adjusted incidence of MS in the Girona province in Catalonia (Spain).

Review of the novelties from the 2014 ECTRIMS-ACTRIMS Joint Congress, presented at the 7th Post-ECTRIMS Meeting (II).

For the seventh year in a row the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting has been held in Madrid (Spain). Renowned specialists in multiple sclerosis and national leaders in this area have gathered once again to discuss the novelties presented at the 2014 ECTRIM-ACTRIMS World Congress. That meeting gave rise to this review, which is published in two parts.

[Review of the novelties from the 2014 ECTRIMS-ACTRIMS Joint Congress, presented at the 7th Post-ECTRIMS meeting (I)].

For the seventh year in a row the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting has been held in Madrid (Spain). Renowned specialists in multiple sclerosis and national leaders in this area have gathered once again to discuss the novelties presented at the 2014 ECTRIM-ACTRIMS World Congress. That meeting gave rise to this review, which will be published in two parts.

Review of the novelties presented at the 29th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) (I).

The most relevant data presented at the 29th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS), held in October 2013 in Denmark, were summarised at the sixth edition of the Post-ECTRIMS Expert Meeting, held in Madrid in October 2013, resulting in this review, to be published in three parts. This first part of the Post-ECTRIMS review presents an update on gender differences in multiple sclerosis (MS) as well as new evidence on the impact of sex hormones on the disease. We should consider that there is still much to discover with regard to the genetic components of the disease.