Addition of Zeolites to Improve the Functional Characteristics of the Hen of the Wood or Maitake Medicinal Mushroom, Grifola frondosa (Agaricomycetes).

Kaolinite and the modified natural zeolite minazel plus (M+) were used as supplements in substrate used for the production of the medicinal mushroom Grifola frondosa. Growth stimulation, expressed as yield and biological efficiency, was observed when M+ (1%) was added. The production cycle was shortened by half as a result of the zeolites' ion-exchange ability, stimulation of enzyme activity, and water retain capacity.

Physiological basis of differential zinc and copper tolerance of Verbascum populations from metal-contaminated and uncontaminated areas.

Metal contamination represents a strong selective pressure favoring tolerant genotypes and leading to differentiation between plant populations. We investigated the adaptive capacity of early-colonizer species of Verbascum recently exposed to Zn- and Cu-contaminated soils (10-20 years). Two Verbascum thapsus L.

Zinc-induced oxidative stress in Verbascum thapsus is caused by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and quinhydrone in the cell wall.

Oxidative stress is one aspect of metal toxicity. Zinc, although unable to perform univalent oxido-reduction reactions, can induce the oxidative damage of cellular components and alter antioxidative systems. Verbascum thapsus L.