The molecular mechanisms of chemotherapeutic resistance in tumors (Review).

Chemotherapy remains a prevalent treatment for a wide range of tumors; however, the majority of patients undergoing conventional chemotherapy experience varying levels of chemoresistance, ultimately leading to suboptimal outcomes. The present article provided an in‑depth review of chemotherapy resistance in tumors, emphasizing the underlying factors contributing to this resistance in tumor cells. It also explored recent advancements in the identification of key molecules and molecular mechanisms within the primary chemoresistant pathways.

Fingolimod Alleviates Inflammation after Cerebral Ischemia via HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Background: Clinically, ischemic reperfusion injury is the main cause of stroke injury. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of fingolimod in suppressing inflammation caused by ischemic brain injury and explore its pharmacological mechanisms.

Methods: In total, 75 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally assigned to five distinct groups: sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) surgery, fingolimod low-dose (F-L), fingolimod medium-dose (F-M), and fingolimod high-dose (F-H).

Long Non-Coding H19 in Lymphocytes: Prognostic Value in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients.

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a cerebrovascular disease that seriously affects the physical and mental health and quality of life of patients. However, there is a lack of reliable prognostic prediction methods. The main objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19 in lymphocytes of patients with AIS, and to construct a prognostic prediction model for AIS including lncRNA H19 in lymphocytes, which would provide new ideas for the prognostic evaluation of AIS.

Long noncoding RNA H19 knockdown promotes angiogenesis via IMP2 after ischemic stroke.

Aims: This study aimed to explore the effects of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 knockdown on angiogenesis and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and elucidate their underlying regulatory mechanisms.

Methods: A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model was used to induce cerebral I/R injury. The cerebral infarct volume and neurological impairment were assessed using 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride staining and neurobehavioral tests, respectively.

Mapping the molecular landscape of Lotus japonicus nodule organogenesis through spatiotemporal transcriptomics.

Legumes acquire nitrogen-fixing ability by forming root nodules. Transferring this capability to more crops could reduce our reliance on nitrogen fertilizers, thereby decreasing environmental pollution and agricultural production costs. Nodule organogenesis is complex, and a comprehensive transcriptomic atlas is crucial for understanding the underlying molecular events.

Alteration of N6-methyladenosine modification profiles in the neutrophilic RNAs following ischemic stroke.

Background: N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most extensive RNA methylation modifications in eukaryotes and participates in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases including ischemic stroke. Peripheral blood neutrophils are forerunners after ischemic brain injury and exert crucial functions. This study aims to explore the transcriptional profiles of m6A modification in neutrophils of patients with ischemic stroke.

Aldo-keto reductase 1B10 as a Carcinogenic but Not a Prognostic Factor in Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the leading cause of cancer death, but little is known about its etiopathology. Aldo-keto reductase 1B10 (AKR1B10) protein is primarily expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, but lost in colorectal cancer tissues. This study revealed that AKR1B10 may not be a prognostic but an etiological factor in colorectal tumorigenesis.

Spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of rhizome formation in Oryza longistaminata.

Rhizomes are modified stems that grow underground and produce new individuals genetically identical to the mother plant. Recently, a breakthrough has been made in efforts to convert annual grains into perennial ones by utilizing wild rhizomatous species as donors, yet the developmental biology of this organ is rarely studied. Oryza longistaminata, a wild rice species featuring strong rhizomes, provides a valuable model for exploration of rhizome development.

LC-MS/MS metabolomic profiling of the protective butylphthalide effect in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion mice.

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate metabolic biomarker changes and related metabolic pathways of Butylphthalide (NBP) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.

Methods: In this study, a mouse cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model was prepared using the middle cerebral artery occlusion method, and neurobehavioral score and 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining experiments were used to confirm the obvious NBP anti-cerebral ischemia effect. The protective effect of NBP in the mouse cerebral I/R model and its metabolic pathway and mechanism were investigated using mouse blood samples.

Cold Case of Thrombolysis: Cold Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Confers Enhanced Neuroprotection in Experimental Stroke.

Background Thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy are the primary treatment for ischemic stroke. However, due to the limited time window and the occurrence of adverse effects, only a small number of patients can genuinely benefit from recanalization. Intraarterial injection of rtPA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) based on arterial thrombectomy could improve the prognosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke, but it could not reduce the incidence of recanalization-related adverse effects.

Untargeted metabolomics uncovering neuroprotective effect of Dl-3-n-butylphthalide on improving cognitive impairment induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats.

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) can cause cognitive impairments. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is widely used in neurological disorders; but, the role of NBP in CCH remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of NBP on CCH through untargeted metabolomics.

Neutrophilic noncoding RNAs predict outcomes of acute ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator.

There's no evidence demonstrating the association between noncoding RNAs levels before IV recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) administration and the outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). 145 AIS patients received rtPA treatment were recruited at the stroke center from 2018 to 2019, and 103 patients were included in this study. A panel of noncoding RNAs (miRNA-23a, miRNA-193a, miRNA-128, miRNA-99a, miRNA-let-7a, miRNA-494, miRNA-424, and lncRNA H19) were measured in the circulating neutrophils of AIS patients before rtPA treatment.

Elevated plasma syndecan-1 as glycocalyx injury marker predicts unfavorable outcomes after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke.

We aimed to examine the prognostic value of syndecan-1 as a marker of glycocalyx injury in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) receiving rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis. The study included 108 patients with AIS treated with rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis and 47 healthy controls. Patients were divided into unfavorable and favorable prognosis groups based on modified Rankin Scale scores.

LncRNAs: Promising Therapeutic Targets and Biomarkers for Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Currently, options for ischemic stroke clinical therapy remain limited to intravenous thrombolysis and thrombectomy, which can only be applied to a minority of patients due to narrow therapeutic time window. Therefore, the discovery of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers is of great significance for ischemic stroke therapy.

Sec24C mediates a Golgi-independent trafficking pathway that is required for tonoplast localisation of ABCC1 and ABCC2.

Protein sorting is an essential biological process in all organisms. Trafficking membrane proteins generally relies on the sorting machinery of the Golgi apparatus. However, many proteins have been found to be delivered to target locations via Golgi-independent pathways, but the mechanisms underlying this delivery system remain unknown.

Xi-Xian-Tong-Shuan capsule alleviates vascular cognitive impairment in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats by promoting white matter repair, reducing neuronal loss, and inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors.

Background: While the number of cases of vascular cognitive impairment caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) has been increasing every year, there are currently no clinically effective treatment methods. At present, Xi-Xian-Tong-Shuan capsule is predominantly used in patients with acute cerebral ischemia; however, its protective effect on CCH has rarely been reported.

Objective: To explore the underlying mechanisms by which Xi-Xian-Tong-Shuan capsule alleviates cognitive impairment caused by CCH.

Decreasing nitrogen assimilation under drought stress by suppressing DST-mediated activation of Nitrate Reductase 1.2 in rice.

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development, and plays vital roles in crop yield. Assimilation of nitrogen is thus fine-tuned in response to heterogeneous environments. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying this essential process remains largely unknown.

Long non-coding RNA H19: Physiological functions and involvements in central nervous system disorders.

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders are some of the most complex and challenging diseases because of the intricate structure and functions of the CNS. Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) H19, which had been mistaken for "transcription noise" previously, has now been found to be closely related to the development and homeostasis of the CNS. Several recent studies indicate that it plays an important role in the pathogenesis, treatment, and even prognosis of CNS disorders.

Endothelial glycocalyx as an important factor in composition of blood-brain barrier.

The blood-brain barrier is a dynamic and complex neurovascular unit that protects neurons from somatic circulatory factors as well as regulates the internal environmental stability of the central nervous system. Endothelial glycocalyx is a critical component of an extended neurovascular unit that influences the structure of the blood-brain barrier and plays various physiological functions, including an important role in maintaining normal neuronal homeostasis. Specifically, glycocalyx acts in physical and charge barriers, mechanical transduction, regulation of vascular permeability, modulation of inflammatory response, and anticoagulation.

Phytochrome B inhibits darkness-induced hypocotyl adventitious root formation by stabilizing IAA14 and suppressing ARF7 and ARF19.

Adventitious roots (ARs) are an important root type for plants and display a high phenotypic plasticity in response to different environmental stimuli. Previous studies found that dark-light transition can trigger AR formation from the hypocotyl of etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana, which was used as a model for the identification of regulators of AR biogenesis. However, the central regulatory machinery for darkness-induced hypocotyl AR (HAR) remains elusive.

Long-term adenosine A1 receptor activation-induced sortilin expression promotes α-synuclein upregulation in dopaminergic neurons.

Prolonged activation of adenosine A1 receptor likely leads to damage of dopaminergic neurons and subsequent development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the pathogenesis underlying long-term adenosine A1 receptor activation-induced neurodegeneration remains unclear. In this study, rats were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg of the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) for five weeks.

Sortilin promotes macrophage cholesterol accumulation and aortic atherosclerosis through lysosomal degradation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 protein.

Sortilin is closely associated with hyperlipidemia and the risk of atherosclerosis (AS). The role of sortilin and the underlying mechanism in peripheral macrophage are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of macrophage sortilin on ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression, ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux, and aortic AS.

The zonal pattern of arterial supply to the brachial plexus and its clinical significance.

Purpose: To provide the anatomical basis of blood supply of brachial plexus for the clinical microsurgical treatment of brachial plexus injury.

Methods: Thirteen adult anticorrosive cadaveric specimens (8 males, 5 females) were dissected in this study. 3 fresh cases (2 males, 1 female) were used to observe the zonal pattern of arteries supplying brachial plexus, and 10 cases (6 males, 4 females) were used to observe the source and distribution of the brachial plexus arteries under microscope.

Microanatomy of the brachial plexus roots and its clinical significance.

Purpose: To provide the anatomical basis of brachial plexus roots for the diagnosis and treatment of brachial plexus root avulsion injury.

Methods: The morphological features of brachial plexus roots were observed and measured on 15 cervicothoracic spine of adult cadavers. The relationship of brachial plexus nerve roots and the surrounding tissues also were observed, as well as the blood supply of anterior and posterior roots of the brachial plexus.