Imaging Assessment of the Pediatric Elbow: Developmental Variants and Common Pathologies.

The pediatric elbow is a complex joint that undergoes rapid growth and development. The normal anatomy of the elbow varies depending on the age of the patient, which can be challenging for imaging interpretation. This article reviews developmental variants and common pathologies of the pediatric elbow, with a focus on their radiologic features.

Maturation-dependent patterns of knee injuries among symptomatic pediatric soccer players on MRI.

Objective: To systematically investigate the prevalence of knee MRI findings among symptomatic pediatric soccer players with respect to skeletal maturity and to identify predictors of surgery.

Methods: This IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study included soccer players (< 18 years of age) who underwent MRI examinations in the past 5 years (2018-2023). Two radiologists retrospectively and independently reviewed all examinations to categorize skeletal maturity and to identify osseous and soft tissue findings.

Pediatric thrower's elbow: maturation-dependent MRI findings in symptomatic baseball players.

Background: Elbow pain is common among youth baseball players and elbow MRI is increasingly utilized to complement the clinical assessment.

Objective: To characterize, according to skeletal maturity, findings on elbow MRI from symptomatic youth baseball players.

Materials And Methods: This IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study included pediatric (<18 years of age) baseball players with elbow pain who underwent MRI examinations between 2010 and 2021.

MRI findings of growth plate fractures of the knee: are there age- and fracture-dependent differences?

Objective: To investigate MRI findings in children with physeal fractures of the knee with respect to age, location, and articular involvement.

Methods: Children with physeal fractures who underwent knee MRI between 2008 and 2021 were included. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed all examinations to determine articular involvement, findings of physeal instability (perichondral disruption, periosteal entrapment), and internal derangement (cruciate ligament injury, meniscal tear, chondromalacia).

Pediatric hand fractures detection on radiographs: do localization cues improve diagnostic performance?

Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy and interpretation time for detection of pediatric fractures on hand radiographs with and without localization cues.

Materials And Methods: Consecutive children, who underwent radiographic examinations after injury, over 2 years (2019-2021) and with > 2 weeks of follow-up to confirm the presence or absence of a fracture, were included. Four readers, blinded to history and diagnosis, retrospectively reviewed all images twice, without and with cue, at least 1 week apart and after randomization, to determine the presence or absence of a fracture, and if present, anatomic location and diagnostic confidence were recorded.

Feasibility of T2 Mapping of the Sacroiliac Joints in Healthy Control Subjects and Children and Young Adults with Sacroiliitis.

Objective: To assess the feasibility of T2 mapping for evaluating pediatric SIJ cartilage at 3 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: Healthy control subjects and adolescents with sacroiliitis underwent a 3T MRI dedicated pelvic protocol that included a T2 mapping sequence consisting of multislice, multiecho acquisition. Healthy control subjects were prospectively recruited from our primary care practices as part of a larger imaging study, whereas adolescents with sacroiliitis were recruited specifically for this study.

Imaging in non-bacterial osteomyelitis in children and adolescents: diagnosis, differential diagnosis and follow-up-an educational review based on a literature survey and own clinical experiences.

Background: Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is an autoinflammatory bone disorder affecting children and adolescents. Previously classified as a rare disease, recent studies suggest a higher incidence of the disease. CNO may develop into the clinical presentation of chronic recurrent osteomyelitis (CRMO) with high relapse rate and multifocality.

Hand Bone Age Radiography: Comparison Between Slot-scanning and Conventional Techniques.

Background: Determination and longitudinal monitoring of progressive skeletal maturity are essential in the management of children with scoliosis. Although different methods for determining skeletal maturity exists, the most widely practiced method relies on the ossification pattern of the bones of the hand and wrist, which is traditionally acquired using conventional techniques and after the acquisition of the spine using the low-dose slot-scanning technique. Whereas the existing published literature has published promising results on the use of the slot-scanning technique to acquire these hand and wrist radiographs, image quality and radiation dose have not been systematically compared between these techniques.

Tramadol antinociception is potentiated by clonidine through α₂-adrenergic and I₂-imidazoline but not by endothelin ET(A) receptors in mice.

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic that acts via μ-opioid agonism and by blocking the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Clonidine potentiates the antinociceptive effects of tramadol; however the receptors involved in this potentiation have not been studied. Endothelin ET(A) receptor antagonists potentiate antinociceptive effects of morphine and oxycodone; however the effects of endothelin ET(A) receptor antagonists on tramadol antinociception have not been evaluated.