Perceptions of Crime Severity and Stigma Toward Family Members Grieving the Loss of a Person to Incarceration.

Family members of incarcerated persons may experience grief related to the incarceration. We examined laypeople's perceptions of family members grieving the loss of an individual to incarceration. Participants ( = 1,095) were randomized to read vignettes that varied by grief trajectory (prolonged vs.

Assessing the economic impact of obesity and overweight on employers: identifying opportunities to improve work force health and well-being.

Background And Objectives: Obesity is a major public health issue, significantly affecting national and individual health and economic well-being. This study quantifies the economic impact of excess body weight on employers and employees in 2023, offering insights for obesity prevention and treatment.

Methods: We utilized data from the National Health Interview Survey, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, and Current Population Survey.

Social Power May Enhance Workplace Initiative: An Experimental Investigation Among Two Samples.

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) refers to voluntary actions members take to benefit organizational function. However, the benefits of OCB for organizations are sometimes countered by detriments for employees who exhibit them, resulting in threats to organizational members' psychological wellbeing. The present research examined whether social power-the perceived ability to control allocations and outcomes in a social hierarchy-could increase OCB endorsement while buffering against negative personal costs.

Family Members Grieving the Loss of a Person to Incarceration: A Scoping Review.

This scoping review examined grief related to the incarceration of a family member in order to establish a theoretical framework. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Social Sciences Citation Index, Embase, PsycInfo, Psychology & Behavioral Sciences, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials & Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PILOTS, and Psychiatry Online was conducted. We extracted data on sample characteristics, study design, purpose of the study, grief measure used, grief term and definition used, and key qualitative and quantitative findings.

Ethanol Inhalation as a Method to Denature the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus caused the 2019 COVID pandemic by infecting almost eight hundred million people worldwide. Because it was a new viral infection, there were no vaccines or small molecule medications that could prevent or treat the disease.  This chapter provides some details for an obscure treatment for COVID-19, that has decades of anti-viral activity data both in vitro and in vivo in the literature.

Feelings of Empowerment Scale for Family Caregivers: Development, Exploratory, and Confirmative Analysis.

Objectives: This study aimed to validate a measure of feelings of empowerment among family caregivers of persons with life limiting illnesses.

Methods: Family caregivers ( = 295) completed a survey on their feelings of empowerment and psychosocial constructs.

Results: Utilizing exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, the study validated the Empowerment in the Context of Caregiving scale, revealing a two-factor structure related to influencing the care recipient and controlling personal outcomes, with high reliability and validity.

Implicit attitudes toward obesity-related cues and their relation to body mass index, psychosocial functioning, and health behavior.

Objective: Differences in automatic cognitive processes exist among individuals with overweight and obesity, thus there is a need to expand our conceptualization of overweight and obesity to emphasize the predictive utility of these automatic processes, rather than focusing solely on behavioral outputs. Implicit association tests (IATs) may afford a noninvasive method of examining automatic preferences that might contribute to overweight and obesity; namely, preferences for unhealthy foods and sedentary behavior versus healthy foods and physical activity. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether implicit attitudes toward foods and physical activity differed based on body mass index (BMI) status.

Neuroimaging to monitor worsening of multiple sclerosis: advances supported by the grant for multiple sclerosis innovation.

Key unmet needs in multiple sclerosis (MS) include detection of early pathology, disability worsening independent of relapses, and accurate monitoring of treatment response. Collaborative approaches to address these unmet needs have been driven in part by industry-academic networks and initiatives such as the Grant for Multiple Sclerosis Innovation (GMSI) and Multiple Sclerosis Leadership and Innovation Network (MS-LINK) programs. We review the application of recent advances, supported by the GMSI and MS-LINK programs, in neuroimaging technology to quantify pathology related to central pathology and disease worsening, and potential for their translation into clinical practice/trials.

Implementing Shared Decision-Making for Multiple Sclerosis: The MS-SUPPORT Tool.

Background: Disease modifying therapies (DMTs) offer opportunities to improve the course of multiple sclerosis (MS), but decisions about treatment are difficult. People with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) want more involvement in decisions about DMTs, but new approaches are needed to support shared decision-making (SDM) because of the number of treatment options and the range of outcomes affected by treatment. We designed a patient-centered tool, MS-SUPPORT, to facilitate SDM for pwMS.

Longitudinal Microbiome Changes in Supragingival Biofilm Transcriptomes Induced by Orthodontics.

Introduction: Common oral diseases are known to be associated with dysbiotic shifts in the supragingival microbiome, yet most oral microbiome associations with clinical end points emanate from cross-sectional studies. Orthodontic treatment is an elective procedure that can be exploited to prospectively examine clinically relevant longitudinal changes in the composition and function of the supragingival microbiome.

Methods: A longitudinal cohort study was conducted among 24 adolescent orthodontic patients who underwent saliva and plaque sampling and clinical examinations at time points: before fixed appliance bonding and at 1, 6, and 12 wk thereafter.

Social power may be associated with health through positive emotion.

Increased social power-defined as one's influence on behavior-guides activation of one's behavioral activation system which, in turn, elicits greater positive emotion. Positive emotion has also been linked to greater health. The current research assessed whether power and positive emotion are related to health.

Impact of adherence to disease modifying therapies on long-term clinical and economic outcomes in multiple sclerosis: A claims analysis of real-world data.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative inflammatory disease that requires long-term commitment to treatment for optimal outcomes. A variety of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are now available that reduce relapses and delay disease progression in people with MS. However, adherence remains a significant issue, with a variety of mental, physical, and emotional factors contributing to non-adherence.

Media Consumption and COVID-19-Related Precautionary Behaviors During the Early Pandemic: Survey Study of Older Adults.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, media sources dedicated significant time and resources to improve knowledge of COVID-19 precautionary behaviors (eg, wearing a mask). Many older adults report using the television, radio, print newspapers, or web-based sources to get information on political news, yet little is known about whether consuming news in the early phase of the pandemic led to behavior change, particularly in older adults.

Objective: The goals of this study were to determine (1) whether dosage of news consumption on the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with COVID-19 precautionary behaviors; (2) whether being an ever-user of social media was associated with engagement in COVID-19 precautionary behaviors; and (3) among social media users, whether change in social media use during the early stages of the pandemic was associated with engagement in COVID-19 precautionary behaviors.

Outcomes and Health Care Service Use in Adults 50 Years or Older With and Without Multiple Sclerosis: A 6-Year Observational Analysis.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) typically presents in young adulthood. Recent data show the highest prevalence of MS in people aged 55 to 64 years; however, there are limited studies of this population.

Methods: Administrative US claims data from IBM-Truven MarketScan commercial and Medicare databases (2011-2017) were analyzed.

Perceptions of grief reactions in family members of incarcerated individuals: A vignette-based experiment.

We examined perceptions of individuals grieving the loss of a family member to incarceration. Participants ( = 1095) were randomized to a vignette that varied by race-ethnicity, crime type, and grief trajectory to assess their perceptions. Results indicated: (1) participants perceived prolonged grief as less appropriate than resilience; (2) Black family members grieving someone who committed a violent crime as more appropriate compared to White family members; and (3) women endorsed both grief trajectories as more appropriate and indicated greater comfort supporting the family member.

Canopy Density, but Not Bacterial Titers, Predicts Fruit Yield in Huanglongbing-Affected Sweet Orange Trees.

In Florida, almost all citrus trees are affected with Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). We characterized various parameters of HLB-affected sweet orange trees in response to yield-improving nutritional treatment, including canopy volume, canopy density and CLas Ct values, and found that the treatment improved yield and maintained canopy density for over three years, whereas untreated HLB-affected trees declined in canopy density. The nutritional treatment did not affect CLas titer or the tree canopy volume suggesting that canopy density is a better indicator of fruit yield.

Evidence-based suspicion and the prior probability of guilt in police interrogations.

Objective: False confessions are prevalent in wrongful convictions, and much research has examined investigation factors and interrogation methods that can contribute to false confessions. However, not all these factors are under the control of the legal system, and improving the effectiveness of interrogation methods has a limited effect on evaluating the veracity of confessions. We suggest incorporating an important but often-neglected factor in interrogations: suspects' prior probability of guilt ("the prior," a Bayesian term meaning suspects' likelihood of being guilty before police conduct an interrogation).

Relationships Between Power, Communication About Work and Sex, and Emotion Expression: A Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Analysis.

Few experiences direct affect, behavior, and cognition as thoroughly as feelings of power and powerlessness. The present study examined 403 participants' narrated experiences feeling powerful ( = 196) or powerless ( = 207) using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) analysis to identify social contexts that might explain the effects of power on emotion expression. Powerful narratives contained more frequent communication about work, whereas powerless narratives contained more frequent communication about sex.

Nontargeted metabolomics-based multiple machine learning modeling boosts early accurate detection for citrus Huanglongbing.

Early accurate detection of crop disease is extremely important for timely disease management. Huanglongbing (HLB), one of the most destructive citrus diseases, has brought about severe economic losses for the global citrus industry. The direct strategies for HLB identification, such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and chemical staining, are robust for the symptomatic plants but powerless for the asymptomatic ones at the early stage of affection.

Teaching with simulation tools to introduce the basics of analytical chemistry instrumentation.

Unlabelled: [Image: see text]

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00216-022-04268-0.

Race/Ethnicity and Relationship Stereotypes in Child Sex Abuse Cases.

Child sex abuse (CSA) is a specific category of crime for which the presumption of guilt may be particularly high, especially for defendant categories stereotypically associated with the crime. The current study utilized survey methodology to examine the magnitude of the presumption of guilt for CSA, as well as stereotypes associating perpetrator race and relationship to the victim with likelihood of CSA. Participants ( = 220) indicated the percentage of CSA allegations they believed to be true, and rank-ordered racial and relationship categories they believed most likely to commit CSA.

Let's just do it: sexual arousal's effects on attitudes regarding sexual consent.

Misperception of others' sexual willingness or consent is widely considered to contribute to sexual coercion. Sexual arousal is commonly present among those in situations with potential to result in sexual assault. The current research tests the effects of sexual arousal on related attitudes: including those toward token resistance, assertive sexual strategies, and affirmative consent.

The State of our Breastfeeding Friendly Childcare Programs: Ten Years After the 2011 Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding.

Background: Ten years ago, the U.S. Surgeon General's made recommendations for childcare settings, including: (1) accommodating and supporting breastfeeding families; and (2) adopting national guidelines on breastfeeding support in childcare settings.

Assessing changes in clusters of wildlife road mortalities after the construction of wildlife mitigation structures.

Collisions with vehicles can be a major threat to wildlife populations, so wildlife mitigation structures, including exclusionary fencing and wildlife crossings, are often constructed. To assess mitigation structure effectiveness, it is useful to compare wildlife road mortalities (WRMs) before, during, and after mitigation structure construction; however, differences in survey methodologies may make comparisons of counts impractical. Location-based cluster analyses provide a means to assess how WRM spatial patterns have changed over time.