Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age.

Background: Second language (L2) learners are a heterogeneous group. Their L2 skills are highly varied due to internal factors (e.g.

Cognitive stimulation of pupils with Down syndrome: A study of inferential talk during book-sharing.

In the education of pupils with Down syndrome, "simplifying" literal talk and concrete stimulation have typically played a dominant role. This explorative study investigated the extent to which teachers stimulated abstract cognitive functions via inferential talk during book-sharing and how pupils with Down syndrome responded. Dyadic interactions (N=7) were videotaped, transcribed and coded to identify levels of abstraction in teacher utterances and to evaluate the adequacy of pupil responses.