Insights into Alkaline Phosphatase Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms.

Background: The endogenous ecto-enzyme and exogenously administered alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have been evidenced to significantly attenuate inflammatory conditions, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-related signaling and cytokine overexpression, barrier tissue dysfunction and oxidative stress, and metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, in experimental models of colitis, liver failure, and renal and cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. This suggests multiple mechanisms of ALP anti-inflammatory action that remain to be fully elucidated.

Methods: Recent studies have contributed to a deeper comprehension of the role played by ALP in immune metabolism.

LPS-Dephosphorylating Alkaline Phosphatase of PhoA Family Divergent from the Multiple Homologues of spp.

A highly active alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of the protein structural family PhoA, from a mussel gut-associated strain of the marine bacterium KMM 296 (CmAP), was found to effectively dephosphorylate lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Therefore, the aim of this work was to perform a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the structure, and to suggest the physiological role of this enzyme in marine bacteria of the genus . A scrutiny of the CmAP-like sequences in 36 available genomes revealed nine homologues intrinsic to the subspecies , whereas PhoA of a distant relative JO1 carried an inactive mutation.

In-Depth Genome Characterization and Pan-Genome Analysis of Strain KMM 296, a Producer of Highly Active Alkaline Phosphatase; Proposal for the Reclassification of and as the Later Heterotypic Synonyms of and , and Emended Description of the Species and .

A strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, and motile bacterium, designated strain KMM 296, isolated from the coelomic fluid of the mussel , was investigated in detail due to its ability to produce a highly active alkaline phosphatase CmAP of the structural family PhoA. A previous taxonomic study allocated the strain to the species , a member of the family of the class . However, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed KMM 296's relatedness to NRIC 0815.

gen. nov., sp. nov., a Marine Alphaproteobacterium Isolated from the Pacific Red Alga : Phenotypic Characterization and Pan-Genome Analysis.

A novel Gram-staining negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, and non-motile bacterium, designated strain 10Alg 79, was isolated from the red alga . A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the novel strain within the family , class , phylum , where the nearest neighbor was ZQ172 (97.33% of identity).

Characterization and Genomic Analysis of gen. nov., sp. nov., Isolated from the Sandy Sediments of the Sea of Japan Seashore.

The taxonomic status of two gram-negative, whitish-pigmented motile bacteria KMM 9576 and KMM 9553 isolated from a sandy sediment sample from the Sea of Japan seashore was defined. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains KMM 9576 and KMM 9553 represent a distinct lineage within the family sharing 100% 16S rRNA sequence similarity and 99.5% average nucleotide identity (ANI) to each other.

Chitinolytic and Fungicidal Potential of the Marine Bacterial Strains Habituating Pacific Ocean Regions.

Screening for chitinolytic activity in the bacterial strains from different Pacific Ocean regions revealed that the highly active representatives belong to the genera , , , and . The widely distributed chitinolytic species was isolated from the sea urchin . Among seventeen isolates with confirmed chitinolytic activity, only the type strain KMM 3630 and the strains of putatively new species sp.

Carotenoids from Starfish : Therapeutic Activity in Models of Inflammatory Diseases.

The carotenoids mixture (MC) isolated from the starfish contains more than 50% astaxanthin, 4-6% each zeaxanthine and lutein, and less pharmacologically active components such as free fatty acids and their glycerides. Astaxanthin, the major component of MC, belongs to the xanthophyll class of carotenoids, and is well known for its antioxidant properties. In this work, in vitro and in vivo studies on the biological activity of MC were carried out.

Purification and Characterization of a DegP-Type Protease from the Marine Bacterium KMM 296.

A new member of the DegP-type periplasmic serine endoproteases of the S1C family from the marine bacterium KMM 296 (CamSP) was expressed in cells. The calculated molecular weight, number of amino acids, and isoelectric point (pI) of the mature protein CamSP are 69.957 kDa, 666, and 4.

Computational Insight into Intraspecies Distinctions in : Carotenoid-like Synthesis Traits and Genomic Heterogeneity.

Advances in the computational annotation of genomes and the predictive potential of current metabolic models, based on more than thousands of experimental phenotypes, allow them to be applied to identify the diversity of metabolic pathways at the level of ecophysiology differentiation within taxa and to predict phenotypes, secondary metabolites, host-associated interactions, survivability, and biochemical productivity under proposed environmental conditions. The significantly distinctive phenotypes of members of the marine bacterial species and an inability to use common molecular markers make their identification within the genus and prediction of their biotechnology potential impossible without genome-scale analysis and metabolic reconstruction. A new strain, KMM 6257, of a carotenoid-like phenotype, isolated from a deep-habituating starfish, emended the description of , particularly in the temperature growth range from 4 to 37 °C.

Shift of Choline/Betaine Pathway in Recombinant for Cobalamin Biosynthesis and Abiotic Stress Protection.

The B12-producing strains DSM 1650 and sp. CCUG 2519 (both formerly ), with the most distributed pathway among bacteria for exogenous choline/betaine utilization, are promising recombinant hosts for the endogenous production of B12 precursor betaine by direct methylation of bioavailable glycine or non-proteinogenic -alanine. Two plasmid-based de novo betaine pathways, distinguished by their enzymes, have provided an expression of the genes encoding for -methyltransferases of the halotolerant cyanobacterium or plant to synthesize the internal glycine betaine or -alanine betaine, respectively.

Engineered Fungus Producing Plant Storage Proteins.

An efficient -mediated genetic transformation based on the plant binary vector pPZP-RCS2 was carried out for the multiple heterologous protein production in filamentous fungus   F-859 (formerly   F-859). The engineered fungus   was able to produce plant storage proteins of   (α-zein Z19) and   (albumin A1) to enrich fungal biomass by valuable nutritional proteins and improved amino acid content. The mRNA levels of and genes were significantly dependent on their driving promoters: the promoter of tryptophan synthase (P) was more efficient to express , while the promoter of translation elongation factor (P) provided much higher levels of transcript abundance.

Harenicola maris gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from the Sea of Japan shallow sediments.

A Gram-negative, non-motile bacterium КMM 3653 was isolated from a sediment sample from the Sea of Japan seashore, Russia. On the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis the strain КMM 3653 was positioned within the family Rhodobacteraceae (class Alphaproteobacteria) forming a distinct lineage with the highest gene sequence similarities to the members of the genera Pacificibacter (95.2-94.

Microbial and Genetic Resources for Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Biosynthesis: From Ecosystems to Industrial Biotechnology.

Many microbial producers of coenzyme B12 family cofactors together with their metabolically interdependent pathways are comprehensively studied and successfully used both in natural ecosystems dominated by auxotrophs, including bacteria and mammals, and in the safe industrial production of vitamin B12. Metabolic reconstruction for genomic and metagenomic data and functional genomics continue to mine the microbial and genetic resources for biosynthesis of the vital vitamin B12. Availability of metabolic engineering techniques and usage of affordable and renewable sources allowed improving bioprocess of vitamins, providing a positive impact on both economics and environment.

Thalassobius aquimarinus sp. nov., isolated from the Sea of Japan seashore.

An aerobic, Gram-negative, non-pigmented non-motile bacterium designed КMM 8518 was isolated from a seawater sampled from the Sea of Japan seashore. Strain КMM 8518 grew at 7-42 °C and in the presence of 1-7% NaCl. The phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences placed the novel strain КMM 8518 into the genus Thalassobius as a separate lineage.

Are the Closely Related Strains of Different Species?

Marine bacteria of the genus which are promising sources of unique enzymes and secondary metabolites, were found to be complicatedly identified both by phenotypic indicators due to their ecophysiology diversity and 16S rRNA sequences because of their high homology. Therefore, searching for the additional methods for the species identification of isolates is significant. The species-specific coding sequences for the enzymes of each functional category and different structural families were applied as additional molecular markers.

Production of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) by Microorganisms: An Overview.

Riboflavin is a crucial micronutrient that is a precursor to coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, and it is required for biochemical reactions in all living cells. For decades, one of the most important applications of riboflavin has been its global use as an animal and human nutritional supplement. Being well-informed of the latest research on riboflavin production via the fermentation process is necessary for the development of new and improved microbial strains using biotechnology and metabolic engineering techniques to increase vitamin B2 yield.

Genomic Features of a Food-Derived Strain PAEM and Biofilm-Associated Gene Expression under a Marine Bacterial α-Galactosidase.

The biofilm-producing strains of colonize various surfaces, including food products and industry equipment that can cause serious human and animal health problems. The biofilms enable microorganisms to evolve the resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants. Analysis of the strain (serotype O6, sequence type 2502), isolated from an environment of meat processing (PAEM) during a ready-to-cook product storage (-20 °C), showed both the mosaic similarity and differences between free-living and clinical strains by their coding DNA sequences.

A Novel Alkaline Phosphatase/Phosphodiesterase, CamPhoD, from Marine Bacterium KMM 296.

A novel extracellular alkaline phosphatase/phosphodiesterase from the structural protein family PhoD that encoded by the genome sequence of the marine bacterium KMM 296 (CamPhoD) has been expressed in cells. The calculated molecular weight, the number of amino acids, and the isoelectric point (pI) of the mature protein's subunit are equal to 54832.98 Da, 492, and 5.

Effect of Pentacyclic Guanidine Alkaloids from the Sponge on Activity of α-Glycosidases from Marine Bacteria.

The effect of monanchomycalin B, monanhocicidin A, and normonanhocidin A isolated from the Northwest Pacific sample of the sponge was investigated on the activity of α-galactosidase from the marine γ-proteobacterium sp. KMM 701 (α-PsGal), and α--acetylgalactosaminidase from the marine bacterium KMM 426 (α-NaGa). All compounds are slow-binding irreversible inhibitors of α-PsGal, but have no effect on α-NaGa.

Mutagenesis Studies and Structure-function Relationships for GalNAc/Gal-Specific Lectin from the Sea Mussel Crenomytilus grayanus.

The GalNAc/Gal-specific lectin from the sea mussel (CGL) with anticancer activity represents а novel lectin family with β-trefoil fold. Earlier, the crystal structures of CGL complexes with globotriose, galactose and galactosamine, and mutagenesis studies have revealed that the lectin contained three carbohydrate-binding sites. The ability of CGL to recognize globotriose (Gb3) on the surface of breast cancer cells and bind mucin-type glycoproteins, which are often associated with oncogenic transformation, makes this compound to be perspective as a biosensor for cancer diagnostics.

Development of host strains and vector system for an efficient genetic transformation of filamentous fungi.

An ability to synthesize extracellular enzymes degrading a wide spectrum of plant and algae polymeric substrates makes many fungi relevant for biotechnology. The terrestrial thermophilic and marine fungal isolates capable of plant and algae degradation have been tested for antibiotic resistance for their possible use in a new genetic transformation system. Plasmids encoding the hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, the trpC gene promoter of Aspergillus nidulans, and the Aureobasidium pullulans TEF gene promoter were delivered into the fungal cells by electroporation.

Characterization of Properties and Transglycosylation Abilities of Recombinant α-Galactosidase from Cold-Adapted Marine Bacterium KMM 701 and Its C494N and D451A Mutants.

A novel wild-type recombinant cold-active α-d-galactosidase (α-PsGal) from the cold-adapted marine bacterium sp. KMM 701, and its mutants D451A and C494N, were studied in terms of their structural, physicochemical, and catalytic properties. Homology models of the three-dimensional α-PsGal structure, its active center, and complexes with D-galactose were constructed for identification of functionally important amino acid residues in the active site of the enzyme, using the crystal structure of the α-galactosidase from as a template.

Biotechnology Potential of Marine Fungi Degrading Plant and Algae Polymeric Substrates.

Filamentous fungi possess the metabolic capacity to degrade environment organic matter, much of which is the plant and algae material enriched with the cell wall carbohydrates and polyphenol complexes that frequently can be assimilated by only marine fungi. As the most renewable energy feedstock on the Earth, the plant or algae polymeric substrates induce an expression of microbial extracellular enzymes that catalyze their cleaving up to the component sugars. However, the question of what the marine fungi contributes to the plant and algae material biotransformation processes has yet to be highlighted sufficiently.