Estimates of HIV Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality in China 2018.

A thorough and precise comprehension understanding of the HIV epidemic is crucial for effective HIV prevention and control. This study aimed to update the estimates of the overall HIV burden in China in 2018 and to assess the trends of HIV prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 1985 to 2018. The Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)/Spectrum software was utilized for estimation, a method highly recommended by UNAIDS.

Development and implementation of a novel method for detecting hepatitis C virus resistance-associated substitutions to NS3, NS5A, and NS5B inhibitors in Linzhou, China.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) have a significant impact on the treatment of HCV with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). However, limited research has been conducted, and no standardized methods for detecting RASs in mainland China.

Objectives: To develop and apply a novel method for detecting HCV RASs in HCV RNA-positive patients in Linzhou, China.

New progress in HBV control and the cascade of health care for people living with HBV in China: evidence from the fourth national serological survey, 2020.

Background: Since 1992, when recombinant hepatitis B vaccine was introduced in China, government health officials have used nationally representative serological surveys to monitor progress in prevention and control of hepatitis B. In 2020, we conducted the fourth seroepidemiological survey, which for the first time included medical evaluation of the clinical status of HBsAg positive subjects over the age of 15 and their medical management. We report survey results in comparison with the three previous surveys.

Assessment of an instrument scale measuring the knowledge of antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV.

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is currently the most effective way to treat people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHs) and reduce HIV transmission. While there are many factors that reduce adherence to ART, PLHs' knowledge about ART may determine the level of adherence. It is necessary to design and assess an instrument scale that measures the knowledge of antiretroviral therapy among PLHs.

Interpretation of the National Action Plan for Eliminating Hepatitis C as a Public Health Threat (2021-2030).

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health problem in China. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a goal to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, and in 2018, the National Health Commission of China launched Hepatitis C Elimination Action by 2030. Hepatitis C control and prevention has made significant progress in China in recent years.

Associations between self-test and pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV among men who have sex with men in China.

Background: This study aims to assess HIV self-testing (HIVST), pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) uptake and associations of three HIV prevention strategies among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China.

Methods: This study included two stages, baseline and follow-up, and was conducted in Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang province in North China. MSM were recruited online and by peer-referral.

Epidemiological trends of severely immunosuppressed people living with HIV at time of starting antiretroviral treatment in China during 2005-2018.

Objectives: High HIV-related mortality is mainly associated with severe immunosuppression (CD4 count < 50 cells/μL) in people living with HIV (PLWH). This study intended to explore the trends in epidemic and early mortality among PLWH with severe immunosuppression for further targeted intervention.

Methods: We extracted the data of treatment-naïve PLWH with severe immunosuppression from China's National Free Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) Program database.

A New Strategy to Quantitatively Identify Hot-Spot Areas in Growth of New HIV Infections for Targeted Interventions.

Previous geographic studies of HIV infection have usually used prevalence data, which cannot indicate the hot-spot areas of current transmission. To develop quantitative analytic measures for accurately identifying hot-spot areas in growth of new HIV infection, we investigated the geographic distribution features of recent HIV infection and long-term HIV infection using data from a whole-population physical examination in four key counties in Liangshan prefecture, which are most severely affected by HIV in China. Through a whole-population physical examination during November 2017- June 2018 in the four key counties, a total of 5,555 HIV cases were diagnosed and 246 cases were classified as recently infected by laboratory HIV recency tests.

Immune restoration in HIV-1-infected patients after 12 years of antiretroviral therapy: a real-world observational study.

Using normalization of CD4 counts as the main evaluation parameter of complete immune restoration for HIV-1 patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART) might be not enough. A comprehensive evaluation system more accurately reflecting immune restoration are urgently needed. Totally, 91,805 HIV-1 patients from 17 tertiary hospitals in China during 2005-2018 were included in this study.

Supervised Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Positive Case Reporting in County-Level Hospitals - China, 2013-2018.

To understand the status of the diagnosis and reporting of hepatitis C and standardize the reporting of hepatitis C cases in county-level hospitals, we conducted the first supervised analysis of hepatitis C cases in county-level hospitals in China from 2013 to 2018, covering all provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) except Tibet. Through 6 years of supervision, we have obtained key data such as the nucleic acid detection rate and positive rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody positive cases in our county-level hospitals, the report rate and accuracy of HCV RNA positive cases, and standardized and improved the hepatitis C case reporting in county-level hospitals to improve data quality and provide data support for the judgment and estimation of hepatitis C in China. By strengthening the management and supervision of hepatitis C case reporting, the reporting rate and accuracy of HCV RNA positive cases in county-level hospitals in China had been greatly improved.

Effect of community-based extension clinics of methadone maintenance therapy for opiate-dependent clients: A prospective cohort study in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province of China.

Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is effective in treatment of opiate dependents. However, there is a gap between the coverage of standard MMT clinics and the need of opiate dependents. Establishment of extension clinics of methadone maintenance therapy (EMMT) will increase the coverage and improve MMT accessibility.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care Continuum in China: 1985-2015.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care continuum attrition is a major global public health challenge. Few studies have examined this problem in resource-limited settings. We aimed to assess cumulative, current, and historical achievement along China's HIV continuum of care.

Outcomes and factors associated with survival of patients with HIV/AIDS initiating antiretroviral treatment in Liangshan Prefecture, southwest of China: A retrospective cohort study from 2005 to 2013.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive cases have been reported among people who injected drugs in Liangshan Prefecture in southwest of China since 1995 and Liangshan has become one of the most seriously affected epidemic areas in China. In 2004, several patients with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) initiated antiretroviral treatment (ART) at the Central Hospital of Liangshan Prefecture. From 2005 to 2013, the number of patients receiving ART dramatically increased.

[Survival time and associated factors of 8 310 AIDS patients initially receiving antiretroviral treatment of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province of China].

Objective: To investigate the survival time and its impact factors among AIDS patients who initially received antiretroviral treatment (ART) of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the information of AIDS patients over 18 years old initially received ART in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture during 2005-2013, which were downloaded from Chinese AIDS Antiretroviral Therapy DATA Fax Information System. Cox proportion hazard regression model was used to identify impact factors related survival time.

[Survival time and related influencing factors of AIDS patients in Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan province, during 2008-2013].

Objective: To investigate the survival time and affecting factors among AIDS patients under antiretroviral treatment, between 2008 and 2013 in Liangshan, Sichuan province.

Methods: Observational retrospective cohort study method was applied. AIDS patients were chosen from China's national comprehensive prevention and control management system of AIDS in Liangshan, during 2008-2013.

Renal Function in Chinese HIV-Positive Individuals following Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy.

Aim: To identify the prevalence and predictors of abnormal renal function among HIV-positive Chinese patients prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and to evaluate subsequent changes in renal function after ART exposure.

Methods: We conducted a nationwide cohort study of subjects who enrolled in the national Chinese ART program from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012. We estimated the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of subjects prior to and after initiating ART.

[Survival analysis on AIDS patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment, Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan province].

Objective: To analyze the survival time and its impact factors among AIDS patients who initially received antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Liangshan prefecture during 2004-2012.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the information of AIDS patients who initially received ART. Data on patients was collected from the Chinese AIDS Antiretroviral Therapy DATAFax Information System.

Epidemiological implications of HIV-hepatitis C co-infection in South and Southeast Asia.

We sought to profile the epidemiological implication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection from South and Southeast Asia by reviewing original studies reporting prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection and their risk factors. Thirteen papers cited in the PubMed database and published in 2012 and 2013 were reviewed. The overall HCV co-infection prevalence ranged broadly from 1.

[Specific causes of death among 381 AIDS patients who died in hospitals].

Objective: In this study, researchers investigated the demographic and clinical characteristics of AIDS patients who died in hospitals, analyzed the specific causes of death, and looked for the correlation between specific cause of death and their clinical characteristics.

Methods: Data of clinical characteristics of patients and their specific causes AIDS of death who died in the seven hospitals from 2009 to 2010 were collected retrospectively. All the specific causes of death were classified according to the Cause of Death (CoDe) project protocol.

HIV and syphilis prevalence among men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional survey of 61 cities in China.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has rapidly spread among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China in recent years; the magnitude of the epidemic is unclear. We sought to test 3 hypotheses: (1) The prevalence of both HIV and syphilis among MSM in China is high, (2) the 2 epidemics each have unique geographical distributions, and (3) demographic and sexual behavior characteristics are different among segments of the MSM population in China.

Methods: A total of 47 231 MSM from 61 cities in China participated in a cross-sectional survey conducted from February 2008 to September 2009.

Decreasing excess mortality of HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy: comparison with mortality in general population in China, 2003-2009.

Objective: To evaluate excess mortality across calendar time comparing HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) with the general Chinese population.

Methods: Patients receiving free cART through the National Free Antiretroviral Therapy Program (NFATP) between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2009, were included. Observed mortality rates, excess mortality rates, and standardized mortality ratios were calculated by calendar periods.

Antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV transmission in serodiscordant couples in China (2003-11): a national observational cohort study.

Background: On the basis of the results of the randomised clinical trial HPTN 052 and observational studies, WHO has recommended that antiretroviral therapy be offered to all HIV-infected individuals with uninfected partners of the opposite sex (serodiscordant couples) to reduce the risk of transmission. Whether or not such a public health approach is feasible and the outcomes are sustainable at a large scale and in a developing country setting has not previously been assessed.

Methods: In this retrospective observational cohort study, we included treated and treatment-naive HIV-positive individuals with HIV-negative partners of the opposite sex who had been added to the national HIV epidemiology and treatment databases between Jan 1, 2003 and Dec 31, 2011.

Mortality and treatment outcomes of China's National Pediatric antiretroviral therapy program.

Background: The aim of this study was to describe 3-year mortality rates, associated risk factors, and long-term clinical outcomes of children enrolled in China's national free pediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART) program.

Methods: Records were abstracted from the national human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS case reporting and national pediatric ART databases for all HIV-positive children ≤15 years old who initiated ART prior to December 2010. Mortality risk factors over 3 years of follow-up were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression models.