Red teaming ChatGPT in medicine to yield real-world insights on model behavior.

Red teaming, the practice of adversarially exposing unexpected or undesired model behaviors, is critical towards improving equity and accuracy of large language models, but non-model creator-affiliated red teaming is scant in healthcare. We convened teams of clinicians, medical and engineering students, and technical professionals (80 participants total) to stress-test models with real-world clinical cases and categorize inappropriate responses along axes of safety, privacy, hallucinations/accuracy, and bias. Six medically-trained reviewers re-analyzed prompt-response pairs and added qualitative annotations.

Involvement of disulfidptosis in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, with oxidative stress recognized as a key pathogenic mechanisms. Oxidative stress disrupts intracellular dynamic- thiol/disulfide homeostasis (DTDH), potentially leading to disulfidptosis, a newly identified cell death mechanism. While studies suggest a link between DTDH and ASD, direct evidence implicating disulfidptosis in ASD pathogenesis remains limited.

PERK+ macrophages drive immunotherapy resistance in lymph node metastases of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose: Neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy has shown promising pathological responses in various cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the pathological response of lymph node (LN) metastases remains poorly understood. This study aims to systematically evaluate the pathological response rates (pRRs) of LN metastases in OSCC patients and identify potential targets to improve therapeutic outcomes.

Hippocampal Volume Reductions in Key Regions and Their Role in Disease Progression in Adolescents at High Risk for Bipolar Disorder: Findings From the sBEAD Cohort.

Background: Hippocampal subfield pathology is established in bipolar disorder (BD); yet no studies have investigated these alterations in adolescents at clinical high risk for BD (MDD-Sub), which is a critical gap given adolescence as a neurodevelopmental window for early intervention.

Methods: We analyzed baseline 3D T1-weighted MRI data from 72 adolescents at Clinical High Risk for BD "MDD-Sub"MDD-Sub vs. MDD-nSub, 74 pure adolescents with MDD (MDD-nSub), and 72 healthy adolescents (HC) aged 12-18 years in the sBEAD cohort.

Identification of interferon-stimulated response elements (ISREs) in canines.

Interferon (IFN) responses are vital for antiviral defense, with interferon-stimulated response elements (ISREs) crucial for regulating IFN signaling. While ISREs are well-studied in humans and mice, research on canine ISREs is limited. This study aimed to clarify the role of canine ISREs and create a new method for detecting IFN activity.

Relationship of fat in the pancreas with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: General adiposity is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. By contrast, the interconnection between high intra-pancreatic fat deposition and cardiovascular disease has been scantily investigated. This field-wide systematic review aimed to map the available evidence on cardiovascular disease according to the fat content of the pancreas.

Liver ALKBH5 regulates glucose and lipid homeostasis independently through GCGR and mTORC1 signaling.

Maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis is crucial for health, with dysregulation leading to metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study identifies alkylation repair homolog protein 5 (ALKBH5), an RNA N-methyladenosine (mA) demethylase, as a major regulator in metabolic disease. ALKBH5 is up-regulated in the liver during obesity and also phosphorylated by protein kinase A, causing its translocation to the cytosol.

Social capital and physical activity: a literature review up to March 2024.

Background: Social capital, as a multidimensional social science concept, plays a crucial role in promoting physical activity. Despite numerous studies exploring the relationship between social capital and physical activity, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of how different dimensions of social capital influence physical activity levels. This study aims to systematically review the literature up to 2024 on the relationship between social capital and physical activity, uncover the role of social capital in promoting physical activity, and identify its multidimensional impacts.

Comprehensive Characterization of Aroma Compounds in Four Different Varieties of Cigar Tobacco Leaves from China Using HS-SPME-GC × GC-TOF-MS Combined with Flavor Profiling.

In order to conduct in-depth research on the stylistic characteristics of different varieties of cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs), we have carried out the following research work: first, the Soxhlet extraction method was utilized for the pretreatment of 4 different varieties of CTLs currently available in China. Then, the two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS) technology was applied for the nontargeted flavoromics analysis of CTLs. A total of 2117 volatile compounds were identified in the extracts of the 4 CTLs varieties, encompassing alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and their derivatives, esters, hydrocarbons, alkenes, heterocyclic compounds, and aromatics.

The preliminary multicenter retrospective study on the efficacy and safety of thermal ablation for follicular thyroid neoplasms ≤ 3 cm.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of thermal ablation (TA) for follicular thyroid neoplasms (FTN) ≤ 3 cm.

Methods: This retrospective multicenter study enrolled 161 patients (131 females; mean age, 46 ± 15 years [range, 11-86]) who underwent TA for FTN ≤ 3 cm between January 2014 and October 2023 from eight centers in China. The median follow-up time was 12 months (IQR, 12-24 months).

Neuroplasticity and functional reorganization of language in patients with arteriovenous malformations: insights from neuroimaging and clinical interventions.

Patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) located in the functional area of speech often exhibit language dysfunction, and neuroplasticity allows the brain of some patients to regain speech through functional reorganization. Exploring the mechanism of AVMs-induced reorganization of language function is important for understanding neuroplasticity and improving clinical intervention strategies. This review systematically searched and analyzed the research literature in related fields in recent years, covering data from neuroimaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and clinical case studies.

Combining machine learning with external validation to explore necroptosis and immune response in moyamoya disease.

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare chronic vascular disease leads to cognitive impairment and stroke with its etiology unknown. The relationship between necroptosis or necroinflammation and MMD pathogenesis was poorly understood. Differentially expressed necroinflammation and necroptosis related genes (DE-NiNRGs) were selected based on the public gene expression data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and validated by our self-test data of MMD patients and control group.

Nomogram for predicting the risk of cervical lymph node metastases and recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma based on the thyroid differentiation score system and clinical characteristics.

Background: This study aimed to identify independent predictors of cervical central lymph node metastasis (CLNM), cervical lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM), and recurrence in patients with PTC, which could help guide the surgical management of these patients.

Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from 542 patients with PTC, who underwent thyroid surgery and were enrolled in The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of cervical LNM, classified as CLNM or LLNM.

Muse Cells Orchestrating Renal Repair via Macrophage M2 Polarization in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) poses significant challenges in clinical management, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells in alleviating renal IRI. In recent years, stem cell research has advanced significantly, providing promising prospects for clinical treatment.

Relating norbornene composition-to-reactivity for thiol-ene photopolymerizations and 3D printing.

Structure-reactivity relationships for an array of norbornene derivatives in light-initiated thiol-ene reactions were unveiled using real-time Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Guided by these results, poly(-hydroxyethyl acrylamide) was functionalized with -norborneneimide and used in digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing of biomimetic hydrogels.

The effect of modulation Piezo2 by IGF-1 on tactile hypersensitivity in BTBR model mice.

Aims: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Individuals with ASD exhibit a higher incidence of tactile hypersensitivity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

FAN score predicts prognosis after platinum-based first-line chemotherapy in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma.

We have reported that the FAN score, which consists of the fibrosis-4 (Fib-4) index, albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), is a prognostic marker for patients receiving pembrolizumab for mUC. However, it remains unclear whether the FAN score is a prognostic factor for platinum-based first-line chemotherapy. We included 126 patients with mUC who received platinum-based first-line chemotherapy.

Ultrafine Particulate Matter Exacerbates the Risk of Delayed Neural Differentiation: Modulation Role of METTL3-Mediated mA Modification.

Air pollution, especially from ultrafine particles (PM, ≤0.1 μm), is increasingly recognized for its detrimental effects on health. The influence of PM on neurodevelopmental disorders and its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood but are of significant concern.

Efficacy of Second-line Nivolumab Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Renal Cell Carcinoma With Bone Metastases.

Background/aim: Combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has become the standard first-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), leading to changes in second-line treatment options, such as nivolumab or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, very few studies have compared the efficacy of these drugs in patients with mRCC, particularly those with bone metastases (BM), which are associated with a poor prognosis. This study compared the efficacy of nivolumab and TKIs as second-line treatments for mRCC patients with BM and examined the microenvironments of primary tumors and BM lesions.

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy with or without chemotherapy in locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma: Randomized, two-arm, phase 2 trial.

Patients with locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have poor outcomes with standard care. Neoadjuvant therapy is shown to be effective for these patients. In the randomized, two-arm, phase 2, non-comparative trial, we investigate the efficacy and safety of the neoadjuvant programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor camrelizumab with or without docetaxel-cisplatin-5-fluorouracil (TPF) chemotherapy in patients with resectable locally advanced OSCC.

A bionic 3D-printed hydrogel microneedle of composite mesh for abdominal wall defect repair.

The use of mesh repair is a frequently employed technique in the clinical management of abdominal wall defects. However, for intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM), the traditional mesh requires additional fixation methods, and these severely limit its application in the repair of abdominal wall defects. We drew inspiration from the adhesion properties of mussels for the present study, functionalized carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with dopamine (DA), and added polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to the composite to further improve the wet adhesive ability of hydrogels.

Phased characterization of soy protein gel modified by lactobacillus plantarum JYLP-326 in cooperation with acidic tremella fuciformis fruiting body polysaccharide: Focus on structural network, interaction and gel properties.

Soybean protein isolate (SPI) and acidic tremella fuciformis fruiting body polysaccharide (AP) were used to prepare phased products "sterilized soft gel (SPI-AP)" and "fermented strong gel (FSPI-AP)" to study the structural network, interaction and gel characteristics. The contents of α-helix (20.43 % to 25.

Photocatalyst-free formate-mediated C-O cleavage by the EDA complex and SCS strategy for the synthesis of diaryl 1,4-diketone in air.

Under mild visible light conditions, formates facilitate C-O cleavage the EDA complex and SCS strategy, yielding α-carbonyl alkyl radicals. These radicals then react with olefins under air conditions, leading to the synthesis of diaryl 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds. Mechanistic studies reveal that α-formyloxy ketone is generated by the reaction between α-brominated acetophenone and formates, followed by the formation of the EDA complex.

Extracellular vesicle-mediated VEGF-A mRNA delivery rescues ischaemic injury with low immunogenicity.

Background And Aims: Lackluster results from recently completed gene therapy clinical trials of VEGF-A delivered by viral vectors have heightened the need to develop alternative delivery strategies. This study aims to demonstrate the pre-clinical efficacy and safety of extracellular vesicles (EVs) loaded with VEGF-A mRNA for the treatment of ischaemic vascular disease.

Methods: After encapsulation of full-length VEGF-A mRNA into fibroblast-derived EVs via cellular nanoporation (CNP), collected VEGF-A EVs were delivered into mouse models of ischaemic injury.

The Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Derived Formulations in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review.

Background: Cancer immunotherapy is an advanced therapeutic approach that harnesses the body's immune system to target and eliminate tumor cells. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with a history rooted in centuries of clinical practice, plays a crucial role in enhancing immune responses, alleviating cancer-related symptoms, and reducing the risks of infections and complications in cancer patients.

Methodology: This review systematically examines the current literature on TCM-based formulations in cancer immunotherapy.