Alteration of GABAergic neurons and abnormality of NKCC1/KCC2 in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type â…¡ lesions.

Background: The current conclusions of molecular genetics still cannot satisfactorily explain the pathogenesis of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and the reason for drug resistance. The interneurons of GABA deserve attention. To observe the distribution and changes of GABAergic neurons and to explore the expression of cation chloride cotransporter NKCC1/KCC2 in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type II lesions is a highly significant job.

The active fragments of ghrelin cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain to produce antinociceptive effects after systemic administration.

G (1-5)-NH, G (1-7)-NH, and G (1-9) are the active fragments of ghrelin. The aim of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive effects, their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and the receptor mechanism(s) of these fragments using the tail withdrawal test in male Kunming mice. The antinociceptive effects of these fragments (2, 6, 20, and 60 nmol/mouse) were tested at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min after intravenous (i.

Application of high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with macroporous resin for rapid enrichment and separation of three anthraquinone glycosides and one stilbene glycoside from Rheum tanguticum.

In this paper, an efficient method was successfully established by the combination of macroporous resin (MR) and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) for rapid enrichment and separation of aloe-emodin 8-O-β-D-glucoside, emodin 1-O-β-D-glucoside, emodin 8-O-β-D-glucoside and piceatannol 4'-O-β-D-(6″-O-gallate)-glucoside. Six kinds of macroporous resins were investigated in the first step and X-5 macroporous resin was selected for the enrichment of the target compounds. The recoveries of the target compounds reached 89.

Differential effects of dexamethasone, ondansetron and a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist (GR205171) on cisplatin-induced changes in behaviour, food intake, pica and gastric function in rats.

This study aimed to dissect the mechanisms involved in malaise induced by the anti-cancer drug cisplatin by attempting to uncouple its effects on locomotor activity, arguably at least partly indicative of fatigue, from those effects indicative of emesis (pica, gastric stasis, reduced food intake) using pharmacological agents in the rat. Over 2 days cisplatin (6 mg/kg i.p.

Pica--a model of nausea? Species differences in response to cisplatin.

Rats lack the emetic reflex but exhibit pica in response to stimuli that induce emesis in species with an emetic reflex, hence it has been proposed that pica may be analogous to emesis in species lacking the reflex. In the present study, we investigated whether pica was present in Suncus murinus (with an emetic reflex) as well as in rats and mice (without emetic reflex) to provide a further insight to the validity of pica as a model for nausea/vomiting. Cisplatin (6 mg/kg, i.

Potential energetic implications of emesis in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus).

During the course of studies investigating novel anti-emetic therapies we serendipitously observed a previously unreported behaviour related to emesis in the house musk shrew. This behaviour consisted of spontaneous ingestion of vomit in about half of the animals (males and females) in which emesis was induced by either nicotine (4 mg kg-1 sc.) or horizontal motion (1 Hz, 4 cm, 10 min).

Pharmacological characterisation of the thermogenic effect of bupropion.

The pharmacological mechanism of bupropion's thermogenic effect has been investigated in female Wistar rats by measuring oxygen consumption at thermoneutrality (29 degrees C). Bupropion (30 mg/kg) rapidly increased oxygen consumption (VO2) with a maximum effect at 30 min, and VO2 remained elevated throughout the 4-h experimental period. The nonselective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) receptor antagonist, metergoline (1 mg/kg), and the alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin (1 mg/kg), had no effect on the VO2 response to bupropion, whereas the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, RS79948 [(8aR, 12aS, 13aS)-5,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,13,13a-decahydro-3-methoxy-12-(ethylsulphonyl)-6H-isoquino[2,1-g][1,6]-naphthyridine hydrochloride] (1 mg/kg), potentiated the response.

Anorectic actions of prolactin-releasing peptide are mediated by corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors.

Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) reduces food intake and body weight and modifies body temperature when administered centrally in rats, suggesting a role in energy homeostasis. However, the mediators of PrRP's actions are unknown. The present study, therefore, first examined the possible involvement of the anorectic neuropeptides corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the melanocortins (e.

Comparison of the thermogenic and hypophagic effects of sibutramine's metabolite 2 and other monoamine reuptake inhibitors.

The thermogenic and hypophagic effects of sibutramine's metabolite (metabolite 2), a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, were investigated in rats and compared with duloxetine and bupropion. Metabolite 2 increased colonic temperature for 2.5-4.