Prevention of the Vertical Transmission of HIV; A Recap of the Journey so Far.

In 1989, one in four (25%) infants born to women living with HIV were infected; by the age of 2 years, there was 25% mortality among them due to HIV. These and other pieces of data prompted the development of interventions to offset vertical transmission, including the landmark Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group Study (PACTG 076) in 1994. This study reported a 67.

Host-Viral Interactions at the Maternal-Fetal Interface. What We Know and What We Need to Know.

In humans, the hemochorial placenta is a unique temporary organ that forms during pregnancy to support fetal development, gaseous exchange, delivery of nutrition, removal of waste products, and provides immune protection, while maintaining tolerance to the HLA-haploidentical fetus. In this review, we characterize decidual and placental immunity during maternal viral (co)-infection with HIV-1, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and Zika virus. We discuss placental immunology, clinical presentation, and epidemiology, before characterizing host susceptibility and cellular tropism, and how the three viruses gain access into specific placental target cells.

A Systematic Review to Evaluate a Possible Association Between Congenital Toxoplasmosis and Preterm Labor.

Background: Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) is a widespread infection in several countries, and it is defined as an infection of a fetus, newborn, or infant under 1 year of age. Moreover, it represents a thread to pregnant women globally. The objective of our study is to evaluate a potential association between prematurity and CT and whether intrauterine transmission impacts gestational length during pregnancy.

Rapid Establishment of a Cold Chain Capacity of -60°C or Colder for the STRIVE Ebola Vaccine Trial During the Ebola Outbreak in Sierra Leone.

ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT02378753] and Pan African Clinical Trials Registry [PACTR201502001037220].

Preventing the voltage drop: keeping practice-based research network (PBRN) practices engaged in studies.

Introduction: Practice-based research continues to evolve and has become a major methodology for many pragmatic studies. While early practice-based network projects were usually short term, current studies often introduce or compare practice innovations that require long-term evaluation. That change requires that practice sites remain engaged in research work for up to 5 years, a time that can allow for a significant "voltage drop," or decline in active participation.

Protocol for the asthma tools study: a pragmatic practice-based research network trial.

Background: Asthma is common among children, adolescents, and adults. However, management of asthma often fails to follow evidence-based guidelines. Control assessments have been developed, validated against expert opinion, and disseminated.

Development and validation of the chronic hepatitis C virus treatment satisfaction (HCVTSat) instrument.

Background: While current medications used to treat patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) effectively produce sustained viral response (SVR), postponement of therapy is often times attributed to patient perceptions of unfavourable outcomes. However, an instrument to assess patient perceptions of therapy (i.e.

Simulation of human head response to impact loading using newly developed biofidelic material models for brain tissue.

Brain tissue is known to exhibit regional and directional variations in its mechanical response to external loads. Material models traditionally used to simulate brain tissue deformation in the human head have been primarily region independent and limited to isotropic and linear viscoelastic. The primary goal of this research is to develop a biofidelic material model for brain tissue by accounting for the underlying microstructure of the material.

Similar asthma prevalence estimates obtained from preadolescent and parent survey responses.

Objective: We compared agreement between child and parent responses to questions assessing prevalence of asthma and other severe respiratory symptoms.

Study Design And Setting: Fifth-grade children enrolled in public schools and their parents separately completed a health survey, which included respiratory symptom questions from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Agreement on respiratory symptom questions was assessed with Cohen's Kappa coefficient.

Sumatriptan and naproxen sodium for the acute treatment of migraine.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of treatment with a combination of sumatriptan 50 mg (encapsulated) and naproxen sodium 500 mg administered concurrently in the acute treatment of migraine.

Background: The pathogenesis of migraine involves multiple peripheral and central neural mechanisms that individually have been successful targets for acute (abortive) and preventive treatment. This suggests that multi-mechanism therapy, which acts on multiple target sites, may confer improved efficacy and symptom relief for patients with migraine.

Building healthier communities for children and families: applying asset-based community development to community pediatrics.

Social capital is the power of social networks and relationships, which constitute the social environment. Social capital has been associated with many measures of health and development. Asset-based community development (ABCD) provides a framework to increase social capital and build stronger, healthier communities for children.

Mobilizing women for minority health and social justice in california.

Women's Health Leadership is building the leadership capacity of diverse community leaders in California committed to promoting health and social justice in their communities. This program provides opportunities for cross-cultural exchanges of ideas, resources, and expertise. Graduates continue to receive technical support and to engage in peer learning via an alumnae network.

A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the new topoisomerase inhibitor GI147211 given as a 72-h continuous infusion.

GI147211 is a novel, totally synthetic camptothecin with promising preclinical and early clinical activity. This study was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose of Gl147211 as a 72-h infusion and to describe its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics on this schedule. In a single-arm, rising-dose study in patients with advanced cancer, eight cohorts of three or more patients received 72-h infusions of Gl147211 at doses ranging from 0.

Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of GI147211, a water-soluble camptothecin analogue, administered for five consecutive days every three weeks.

GI1147211 is a 7-substituted 10,11-ethylenedioxy-20(S)-camptothecin analogue that inhibits the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase I. In this Phase I and pharmacological study, 24 patients with advanced solid malignancies received a total of 72 courses of GI147211 as a 30-min infusion daily for 5 consecutive days, at doses ranging from 0.3 to 1.

The capacity-building approach to intervention maintenance implemented by the Stanford Five-City Project.

Increasingly, agencies supporting community health promotion interventions require participating communities and evaluators to specify how the intervention will be maintained once agency funding ends. The Stanford Five-City Project (FCP) implemented two different strategies to maintain its heart disease education program, with the second strategy designed to overcome the barriers to implementation that were encountered by the first. This paper provides a practice-oriented description of the initial 'community network' maintenance strategy of the FCP, the barriers that were encountered as this network strategy was implemented, the alternative 'capacity-building' strategy directed at local health educators and the successful implementation of this alternative.

Personal reflections on nosocomial staphylococcal infections and the development of hospital surveillance.

A pandemic of staphylococcal infections occurred in the mid-twentieth century and spanned the years from about 1946 (with gradual subsidence) to about 1966. Staphylococcus aureus, originally sensitive to penicillin in 1942, demonstrated, more than other susceptible bacteria, a capacity for the development of antibiotic resistance. Hospital personnel became carriers of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci that contaminated newborn infants and hospitalized children and adults, who then became carriers and suffered an increasing incidence of suppurative disease.