Genome-Wide Analysis of the AP2/ERF Gene Family: Identification and Expression Profiles in Response to Cold, Salt and Drought Stress.

The AP2/ERF gene family is one of the most conserved and important transcription factor families mainly occurring in plants with various functions in regulating plant biological and physiological processes. However, little comprehensive research has been conducted on the AP2/ERF gene family in (specifically, ), an important ornamental plant. The existing whole-genome sequence of provided data to investigate the AP2/ERF genes in on a genome-wide scale.

Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal genes related to pigmentation in the petals of a flower color variation cultivar of Rhododendron obtusum.

Background: Rhododendron is an important woody ornamental plant, and breeding varieties with different colors is a key research goal. Although there have been a few reports on the molecular mechanisms of flower colors and color patterning in Rhododendron, it is still largely unknown what factors regulate flower pigmentation in Rhododendron.

Methods And Results: In this study, the flower color variation cultivar 'Yanzhi Mi' and the wild-type (WT) cultivar 'Dayuanyangjin' were used as research objects, and the pigments and transcriptomes of their petals during five flower development stages were analyzed and compared.

Trefoil-Shaped Porous Nanographenes Bearing a Tribenzotriquinacene Core by Three-fold Scholl Macrocyclization.

Porous curved polycyclic aromatic compounds 6 and 14 bearing a tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) core encircled by an m,p,p,m,m,p,p,m,m,p,p,m-cyclododecaphenylene belt were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. These trefoil hydrocarbon macrocycles were constructed in high yield using an intramolecular three-fold Scholl macrocyclization. X-ray crystal analysis of 14 demonstrated a large wizard-hat-shaped structure with three pores (radii 2.

Intranasal delivery of a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor HLS-3 for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Aim: The present study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of HLS-3, a tacrine dimer with high anti-acetylcholinesterase activity for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Main Methods: In vitro Calu-3 and Caco-2 cell monolayer transport and liver microsomal incubation studies of HLS-3 were carried out to evaluate its nasal epithelium and intestinal membrane permeability, transporters involved in absorption and hepatic metabolism. In vivo pharmacokinetics of HLS-3 followed by central and peripheral cholinergic mediated responses and ex vivo AChE activities in rats via oral and intranasal administrations were further investigated and compared.

De novo transcriptome analysis of Rhododendron molle G. Don flowers by Illumina sequencing.

Rhododendron molle G. Don occupies an important phylogenetic node in the genus rhododendron with unique yellow flower and medicinal functions. However, only limited genetic resources and their genome information are available for the generation of rhododendron flowers.

Synthesis of 2-(Trifluoromethyl)indoles via Domino Trifluoromethylation/Cyclization of 2-Alkynylanilines.

A new method for the synthesis of 2-(trifluoromethyl)indoles using easily accessible 2-alkynylanilines and a well-established fluoroform-derived CuCF reagent is described. This method utilizes a domino trifluoromethylation/cyclization strategy to construct the indole cores with no ambiguity of the CF position. The intriguing 3-formyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)indoles can also be synthesized by this protocol, which are useful intermediates for the preparation of trifluoromethylated drug analogues.

Domino Hydroboration/Trifluoromethylation of Alkynes Using Fluoroform-Derived [CuCF].

A domino hydroboration/trifluoromethylation (formal hydrotrifluoromethylation) of alkynes using the fluoroform-derived [CuCF] reagent is achieved. Synthetically useful (E)-alkenyl-CF building blocks and 1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)-substituted alkenes can be prepared under ambient conditions in one pot/one step from alkynes. The ultimate source of CF is the inexpensive industrial waste fluoroform.

Hydroxytrifluoromethylation of Alkenes Using Fluoroform-Derived CuCF.

Hydroxytrifluoromethylation of alkenes using the fluoroform (CFH)-derived [CuCF] reagent is described. In the presence of additive BPin and air, this reagent effectively facilitates the addition of hydroxy and trifluoromethyl groups across an alkene double bond, a formal hydroxytrifluoromethylation process. Various β-trifluoromethyl alcohols can be synthesized from simple alkenes where the ultimate CF source is the industrial byproduct fluoroform.

Copper-Mediated Domino Cyclization/Trifluoromethylation/Deprotection with TMSCF: Synthesis of 4-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrazoles.

A copper-mediated synthesis of 4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazoles is described. In one step from readily accessible α,β-alkynic tosylhydrazones, a remarkable domino sequence of cyclization, trifluoromethylation, and detosylation takes place to furnish the 4-CF N-H pyrazole cores with good functional group compatibility. The reaction conditions are mild and convenient, at room temperature in air, using the commercially available trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (TMSCF) as the CF source.

Selection of Reliable Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies on G. Don.

The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) approach has become a widely used method to analyze expression patterns of target genes. The selection of an optimal reference gene is a prerequisite for the accurate normalization of gene expression in qRT-PCR. The present study constitutes the first systematic evaluation of potential reference genes in G.

Fluoroform-Derived CuCF3 for Trifluoromethylation of Terminal and TMS-Protected Alkynes.

An efficient trifluoromethylation reaction of alkynes using a fluoroform-derived CuCF3 reagent is described. The CF3 source is the inexpensive industrial waste fluoroform (CF3H). The air-stable CuCF3 reagent can be prepared in large quantities and is convenient to use.

Catalytic asymmetric hydroalkenylation of vinylarenes: electronic effects of substrates and chiral N-heterocyclic carbene ligands.

An asymmetric tail-to-tail cross-hydroalkenylation of vinylarenes with terminal olefins was achieved by catalysis with NiH complexes bearing chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). The reaction provides branched gem-disubstituted olefins with high enantioselectivity (up to 94 % ee) and chemoselectivity (cross/homo product ratio: up to 99:1). Electronic effects of the substituents on the vinylarenes and on the N-aryl groups of the NHC ligands, but not a π,π-stacking mechanism, assist the steric effect and influence the outcome of the cross-hydroalkenylation.

Synthesis, biological activity, and biopharmaceutical characterization of tacrine dimers as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Tacrine (THA), as the first approved acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been extensively investigated in last seven decades. After dimerization of THA via a 7-carbon alkyl spacer, bis(7)-tacrine (B7T) showed much potent anti-AChE activity than THA. We here report synthesis, biological evaluation and biopharmaceutical characterization of six THA dimers referable to B7T.

Medium-sized heterocycle synthesis by the use of synergistic effects of Ni-NHC and γ-coordination in cycloisomerization.

This paper describes a new approach in transition-metal-catalyzed unsymmetric cycloisomerization for medium-sized heterocycles. The steric and electronic effects of an NHC-NiH catalyst and γ-heteroatom chelation were used together as a basis for 1,n-diene termini differentiation and for n(γ)-exo-trig (head-to-tail) product selectivity. Heterocycles bearing an exocyclic methylene such as oxepines, thiepines, siloxepines, and oxocanes were synthesized from the corresponding 1,n-dienes by a fine-tuning of the NHC properties.

Shuffle off the classic β-Si elimination by Ni-NHC cooperation: implication for C-C forming reactions involving Ni-alkyl-β-silanes.

Via a cooperation of NHC, Si substituents and a M center, β-Si elimination was attenuated, revealing a new way to attain a high Ni-β-SiR(3):Ni-σ-SiR(3) ratio. The scope is illustrated by a head-to-tail vinylsilane-α-olefin hydroalkenylation.

Pd2L2 metallacycles as molecular containers for small molecules.

M(2)L(2) type metallacyclic complexes, [Pd(2)(L1)(2)Cl(4)]·1.5CH(2)Cl(2) (1), [Pd(2)(L1)(2)Cl(4)]·2CHCl(3) (2), [Pd(2)(L2)(2)Cl(4)]·2CH(2)Cl(2)·2CH(3)CN (3), [Pd(2)(L2)(2)Cl(4)]·2CHCl(3)·2CH(3)CN (4) and [Pd(2)(L3)(2)Cl(4)]·CH(2)Cl(2)·2CH(3)CN (5), have been prepared from three semi-rigid benzimidazol or benzotriazol ligands, 1,4-bis(benzimidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene (L1), 1,4-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene (L2) and 1,4-bis(benzotriazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene (L3). All the complexes were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and the phase purity was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements.

Magnetite nanoparticle-supported coordination polymer nanofibers: synthesis and catalytic application in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling.

Functional nanoscale coordination polymers are receiving growing scientific interest because of their potential applications in many domains. In this paper, we demonstrated that a nanofibrous networked metal-organic gel (G1-MNPs) was formed by simply mixing 4,4',4''-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)benzamide) (L) and Pd(COD)(NO(3))(2) in CHCl(3)-MeOH with a Pd/L molar ratio of 1:1 in the presence of magnetite nanoparticle (MNPs). The self-assembly behavior of nanofibers was not significantly effected by the introduction of magnetite nanoparticles.

A new pathogenesis-related protein, LrPR4, from Lycoris radiata, and its antifungal activity against Magnaporthe grisea.

A new Lycoris radiata pathogenesis-related (PR)-4 gene, LrPR4 was isolated. LrPR4 encodes a 142 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 15.43 kDa and pI of 7.