Dorsal metatarsal artery perforator flaps (DMTAPF) applied for paediatric foot reconstruction: A review of the aetiology of primary injury, surgical technique applied, and long-term outcome for the child.

Aim: Dorsal metatarsal artery perforator flap (DMTAPF) reconstructions were reviewed to assess indications for application, variation of surgical technique and the long-term impact of growth.

Method: A cohort of 15 children presented with 17 DMTAPFs on 16 feet. Patient demographics, the aetiology and timing of primary injury and details of flap reconstruction were recorded.

Stress-induced protein disaggregation in the endoplasmic reticulum catalysed by BiP.

Protein synthesis is supported by cellular machineries that ensure polypeptides fold to their native conformation, whilst eliminating misfolded, aggregation prone species. Protein aggregation underlies pathologies including neurodegeneration. Aggregates' formation is antagonised by molecular chaperones, with cytoplasmic machinery resolving insoluble protein aggregates.