Broader functions of TIR domains in Arabidopsis immunity.

TIR domains are NAD-degrading enzymes that function during immune signaling in prokaryotes, plants, and animals. In plants, most TIR domains are incorporated into intracellular immune receptors termed TNLs. In Arabidopsis, TIR-derived small molecules bind and activate EDS1 heterodimers, which in turn activate RNLs, a class of cation channel-forming immune receptors.

[Comparison of HIV therapy applied in urban and rural areas - results of a retrospective study between Berlin and Greifswald/ Vorpommern].

The steady development of the antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a significant change in the demands on the quality of care. There are different regional challenges.It is a non-interventional, bicentric correlation study in the form of a retrospective data analysis including data of 43 HIV-positive patients in Greifswald and 1669 in Berlin.

TNL-mediated immunity in Arabidopsis requires complex regulation of the redundant ADR1 gene family.

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) serve as intracellular immune receptors in animals and plants. Sensor NLRs perceive pathogen-derived effector molecules and trigger robust host defense. Recent studies revealed the role of three coiled-coil-type NLRs (CNLs) of the ADR1 family - ADR1, ADR1-L1 and ADR1-L2 - as redundant helper NLRs, whose function is required for defense mediated by multiple sensor NLRs.

Failed sperm development as a reproductive isolating barrier between species.

Hybrid male sterility is a common reproductive isolating barrier between species. Yet, little is known about the actual developmental causes of this phenomenon, especially in naturally hybridizing species. We sought to evaluate the developmental causes of hybrid male sterility, using spadefoot toads as our study system.