Comparison of outcomes of the 50-year follow-up of a randomized trial assessed by study questionnaire and by data linkage: The CONCUR study.

Background/aims: Self-reported questionnaires on health status after randomized trials can be time-consuming, costly, and potentially unreliable. Administrative data sets may provide cost-effective, less biased information, but it is uncertain how administrative and self-reported data compare to identify chronic conditions in a New Zealand cohort. This study aimed to determine whether record linkage could replace self-reported questionnaires to identify chronic conditions that were the outcomes of interest for trial follow-up.

Long-term health conditions among household families in Aotearoa New Zealand: cross-sectional analysis of integrated Census and administrative data.

Aim: Little is known about the extent to which families in Aotearoa New Zealand are affected by long-term health conditions (HCs). This study aimed to explore the rates of nine selected HCs among New Zealand family members within the same household.

Method: Linked population and administrative health data were obtained for families living in the same household according to the 2013 New Zealand Census (N=1,043,172).

Association between maternal depression symptoms and child telomere length.

The biological mechanisms that explain how adverse early life events influence adult disease risk are poorly understood. One proposed mechanism is via the induction of accelerated biological aging, for which telomere length is considered a biomarker. We aimed to determine if maternal depression pre- and post-partum was associated with telomere length in children at 4 years of age (n = 4299).

Manifold child, family and social variables are associated with injury among New Zealand preschool children.

Aim: Approaches to understanding child injury tend to focus on short-term proximal influences. Previous analyses have found higher rates of injury among Māori and Pacific children in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). This study aimed to investigate how combinations of situations and multiple events act across the life-course to either protect preschool children from, or place them at risk of, repeated injuries requiring medical attention.

Age at first exposure to antibiotics and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood.

Rationale: Viral illnesses in children are common and are frequently treated with antibiotic medication. Antibiotics reduce the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota, leading to poor developmental outcomes.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between age at first exposure to antibiotics and cognitive and behavioural development at 4.

Epilepsy severity mediates association between mutation type and ADHD symptoms in tuberous sclerosis complex.

The association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is widely reported, with support for the role of epilepsy, yet the mechanisms underlying the association across development are unclear. The Tuberous Sclerosis 2000 Study is a prospective longitudinal study of TSC. In Phase 1 of the study, baseline measures of epilepsy, cortical tuber load, and mutation were obtained with 125 children ages 0-16 years.

The Association Between Persistence and Change in Behavioral Difficulties During Early to Middle Childhood and Cognitive Abilities at Age 8.

We investigated the association between persistence and change in behavioral difficulties during early to middle childhood and several cognitive outcomes. We observed 3904 8-year-olds enrolled in the longitudinal study Growing Up in New Zealand (50% male/female; 23% Māori, 9% Pacific Peoples, 13% Asian, 2% Middle Eastern/Latin American/African, 9% Other, 43% European). The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery was used to assess cognitive functioning at 8 years and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for behavioral difficulties at 4.

Prisoners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: co-morbidities and service pathways.

Purpose: This paper aims to examine effective diagnostic and treatment pathways for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prison settings given the high prevalence of ADHD and comorbidities in the prison population.

Design/methodology/approach: Two studies were carried out in two separate prisons in London. Firstly, data were collected to understand the prevalence of ADHD and the comorbidities.

Mind the gap - unequal from the start: evidence from the early years of the longitudinal study.

is this country's largest contemporary longitudinal study of child development. The study has been designed to provide insight into the lives of children and young people growing up in the context of twenty-first century New Zealand. The cohort recruited 6853 children representative of the current ethnic and socioeconomic diversity of births in Aotearoa, New Zealand in 2009 and 2010.

Perinatal adversities in tuberous sclerosis complex: Determinants and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Aim: To examine the association between perinatal adversities and neurodevelopmental outcome in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).

Method: The Tuberous Sclerosis 2000 study is a prospective, longitudinal UK study of TSC. In phase 1, mutation type, TSC family history, tuber characteristics, presence of cardiac rhabdomyomas, seizure characteristics, and intellectual ability were assessed in 125 children affected with TSC (64 females, 61 males; median age 39mo, range 4-254).

Self-harm and Mental Health Characteristics of Prisoners with elevated rates of autistic traits.

Background: Prevalence studies among prisoners have found rates of 1-4% for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autistic traits. However, little is known about those prisoners with high levels of autistic traits.

Aim: This aim of this study was to compare the mental health characteristics of prisoners with autistic traits with neurotypical prisoners not screening positive for neurodevelopmental disorders.

Exploring the Factor Structure of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in a Large Sample of 8-Year-Old Children in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Objective: The objective of this study was to derive a factor structure of the measures of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB) that is representative of cognitive abilities in a large ethnically diverse cohort of 8-year-old children in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Methods: Our sample comprised of 4298 8-year-old children from the Growing Up in New Zealand study. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis for the NIH Toolbox CB measures to discover the best-fitting factor structure in our sample.

Physical Conflict During Pregnancy: A Socioecological, Cross-Cultural Examination of Risk and Protective Factors for New Zealand Women.

Participants were 5,831 women in their third trimester of pregnancy, part of a large, longitudinal, pre-birth national cohort study. Women reported on their experience of pushing and shoving, throwing or breaking objects within their relationship over the past month. Univariable regression models examined the association of a large number of potential risk and protective factors.

Antenatal depression symptoms in Pacific women: evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand.

INTRODUCTION Pacific women in New Zealand (NZ) have higher rates of antenatal depression than women from other ethnic groups. AIM To identify factors that are significantly associated with depression symptoms in pregnant Pacific women living in NZ. METHODS Data were collected from 5657 pregnant women, 727 of whom identified their ethnicity as Pacific Island.

Maternal Antenatal Depression and Early Childhood Sleep: Potential Pathways Through Infant Temperament.

Objective: Maternal depression is associated with infant and child sleep patterns, and with infant temperament. Here, we examine whether infant temperament mediated an association between maternal antenatal depression and toddler sleep.

Method: Within the prebirth longitudinal cohort Growing Up in New Zealand, symptoms of antenatal and postnatal depression were measured in 5,568 women using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).

The Association Between Persistence and Change in Early Childhood Behavioural Problems and Preschool Cognitive Outcomes.

The link between behavioural and cognitive difficulties is well established. However, research is limited on whether persistence and change in behavioural difficulties relates to cognitive outcomes, particularly during preschool. We used a large New Zealand birth cohort to investigate how persistence and change in serious behavioural problems from ages 2 to 4.

Effects of Home Language Environment and Household Crowding on Early Expressive Language Development.

Objective: This study examined prospective associations of the home language environment (HLE) and household crowding with expressive language development in 2-year-old children using the data from the Growing Up in New Zealand study, a population-based prospective cohort study.

Methods: A total of 5960 children were included. The HLE (playing games, talking in everyday activities, playing with toys, singing songs, and reading books) and household crowding were measured when the children were 9 months old.

Antenatal determinants of early childhood talking delay and behavioural difficulties.

The determinants of talking delay alone or its comorbidity with behavioural difficulties was examined in 5768 two-year-old members of the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal study. Using the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development inventories and the total difficulties score from the preschool Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, a composite measure was created so that children were categorised as showing no language or behavioural concerns (72.5%), behavioural only difficulties (6.

Long-term cognitive outcomes in tuberous sclerosis complex.

Aim: To investigate the interdependence between risk factors associated with long-term intellectual development in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).

Method: The Tuberous Sclerosis 2000 Study is a prospective longitudinal study of individuals with TSC. In phase 1 of the study, baseline measures of intellectual ability, epilepsy, cortical tuber load, and mutation were obtained for 125 children (63 females, 62 males; median age=39mo).

Persistence and change in behavioural problems during early childhood.

Background: Behavioural problems and psychopathology can present from as early as the preschool period. However there is evidence that behavioural difficulties may not be stable over this period. Therefore, the current study was interested in evaluating the persistence and change in clinically relevant behavioural problems during early childhood in a population-based New Zealand birth cohort.

A longitudinal study of antenatal and perinatal risk factors in early childhood cognition: Evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand.

Background: Poor maternal health, disadvantageous exposures during pregnancy and unfavourable perinatal events are associated with adverse trajectories in offspring cognitive development.

Aim: To examine longitudinal associations between antenatal maternal, perinatal and maternal health characteristics and children's early cognitive development across executive control, motor ability and receptive language domains.

Study Design, Subjects And Outcome Measures: Analyses comprised interview and observational data from 4587 children and their mothers enrolled in the longitudinal Growing Up in New Zealand cohort study.

Alcohol consumption in New Zealand women before and during pregnancy: findings from the Growing Up in New Zealand study.

Aim: To examine alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy in the mothers of a contemporary sample of New Zealand children.

Method: Analysis of data from the antenatal assessment of 6,822 women enrolled in the Growing Up in New Zealand study, using logistic regression models to examine associations between maternal alcohol use and maternal demographics, pregnancy planning and parity.

Results: Seventy-one percent of women drank alcohol before becoming pregnant, 23% during and 13% after the first trimester.

Prenatal alcohol consumption and infant and child behavior: Evidence from the Growing Up in New Zealand Cohort.

Background: High levels of alcohol exposure during pregnancy can damage developing brains and influence child behavior and learning.

Aim: To examine the effects of lower levels of alcohol and very early exposure to alcohol on infant temperament and child behavior.

Study Design, Subjects, And Outcome Measures: The Growing Up in New Zealand study involves a prospective birth cohort of 6822 pregnant women of whom 6156 provided information on their child's temperament using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R VSF) at 9 months and their child's behavior using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at 2 years.

Antenatal and Postnatal Determinants of Behavioural Difficulties in Early Childhood: Evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand.

Behavioural difficulties during early childhood have significant implications for multiple outcomes later in life. Child behavioural difficulties at 2 years of age (N = 6246) were assessed by mothers enrolled in a longitudinal, population-based New Zealand cohort study. 10.