A Mediterranean diet plan in lactating women with obesity reduces maternal energy intake and modulates human milk composition - a feasibility study.

Introduction: Maternal obesity is associated with increased concentrations of human milk (HM) obesogenic hormones, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oligosaccharides (HMOs) that have been associated with infant growth and adiposity. The objective of this pilot study was to determine if adherence to a Mediterranean meal plan during lactation modulates macronutrients and bioactive molecules in human milk from mothers with obesity.

Methods: Sixteen healthy, exclusively breastfeeding women with obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m) enrolled between 4 and 5 months postpartum.

Design and conduct of a randomized controlled feeding trial in a residential setting with mitigation for COVID-19.

Background: Evaluating effects of different macronutrient diets in randomized trials requires well defined infrastructure and rigorous methods to ensure intervention fidelity and adherence.

Methods: This controlled feeding study comprised two phases. During a Run-in phase (14-15 weeks), study participants (18-50 years, BMI, ≥27 kg/m) consumed a very-low-carbohydrate (VLC) diet, with home delivery of prepared meals, at an energy level to promote 15 ± 3% weight loss.

Physiologic Adaptation to Macronutrient Change Distorts Findings from Short Dietary Trials: Reanalysis of a Metabolic Ward Study.

An influential 2-wk cross-over feeding trial without a washout period purported to show advantages of a low-fat diet (LFD) compared with a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) for weight control. In contrast to several other macronutrient trials, the diet order effect was originally reported as not significant. In light of a new analysis by the original investigative group identifying an order effect, we aimed to examine, in a reanalysis of publicly available data (16 of 20 original participants; 7 female; mean BMI, 27.

Total water intake guidelines are sufficient for optimal hydration in United States adults.

Purpose: Recent studies suggest that 24-h urine osmolality (UOsm) for optimal water intake should be maintained < 500 mmol·kg. The purpose of this study was to determine the total water intake (TWI) requirement for healthy adults to maintain optimal hydration as indicated by 24-h urine osmolality < 500 mmol·kg.

Methods: Twenty-four-hour UOsm was assessed in 49 men and 50 women residing in the United States (age: 41 ± 14 y, body mass index: 26.

Prolonged Glycemic Adaptation Following Transition From a Low- to High-Carbohydrate Diet: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial.

Objective: Consuming ≥150 g/day carbohydrate is recommended for 3 days before an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for diabetes diagnosis. For evaluation of this recommendation, time courses of glycemic changes following transition from a very-low-carbohydrate (VLC) to high-carbohydrate diet were assessed with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

Research Design And Methods: After achieving a weight loss target of 15% (±3%) on the run-in VLC diet, participants (18-50 years old, BMI ≥27 kg/m2) were randomly assigned for 10 weeks to one of three isoenergetic diets: VLC (5% carbohydrate and 77% fat); high carbohydrate, high starch (HC-Starch) (57% carbohydrate and 25% fat, including 20% refined grains); and high carbohydrate, high sugar (HC-Sugar) (57% carbohydrate and 25% fat, including 20% sugar).

Mitochondrial aberrations during the progression of disuse atrophy differentially affect male and female mice.

Background: Disuse decreases muscle size and is predictive of mortality across multiple pathologies. Detriments to mitochondrial function are hypothesized to underlie disuse-induced muscle atrophy. Little data exist on early mechanisms contributing to onset of these pathologies, nor is it known how they differ between sexes.

Validity and Reliability of a Water Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Daily Total Water Intake in Adults.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the validity and reliability of a seven-day water frequency questionnaire (TWI-FQ) to estimate daily total water intake (TWI) in comparison to a water turnover objective reference value via deuterium oxide (DO). Data collection occurred over 3 weeks, with a wash-out period during week two. Healthy adults ( = 98; 52% female; 41 ± 14 y; BMI, 26.

Female mice may have exacerbated catabolic signalling response compared to male mice during development and progression of disuse atrophy.

Background: Muscle atrophy is a common pathology associated with disuse, such as prolonged bed rest or spaceflight, and is associated with detrimental health outcomes. There is emerging evidence that disuse atrophy may differentially affect males and females. Cellular mechanisms contributing to the development and progression of disuse remain elusive, particularly protein turnover cascades.

Combining urine color and void number to assess hydration in adults and children.

Background/objectives: To test the diagnostic ability of two combined practical markers for elevated urine osmolality (underhydration) in free-living adults and children.

Subjects/methods: One hundred and one healthy adults (females n = 52, 40 ± 14 y, 1.70 ± 0.

Cellular dehydration acutely degrades mood mainly in women: a counterbalanced, crossover trial.

It is unclear if mild-to-moderate dehydration independently affects mood without confounders like heat exposure or exercise. This study examined the acute effect of cellular dehydration on mood. Forty-nine adults (55 % female, age 39 (sd 8) years) were assigned to counterbalanced, crossover trials.

Comparative plasma proteomics in muscle atrophy during cancer-cachexia and disuse: The search for atrokines.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is common across a variety of pathologies. Underlying mechanisms of atrophy differ between pathologies, and in many conditions, circulating factors are tied to muscle atrophy. Therefore, we sought to identify alterations to the plasma proteome across divergent forms of muscle atrophy, disuse and cancer cachexia, as potential mediators of atrophy.

Altering aspects of mitochondrial quality to improve musculoskeletal outcomes in disuse atrophy.

Muscle atrophy is a significant moderator for disease prognosis; as such, interventions to mitigate disuse-induced muscle loss are imperative to improve clinical interventions. Mitochondrial deteriorations may underlie disuse-induced myopathies; therefore, improving mitochondrial quality may be an enticing therapeutic intervention. However, different mitochondria-based treatments may have divergent impacts on the prognosis of disuse atrophy.

Neither autophagy nor exercise training mode affect exercise-induced beneficial adaptations in high fat-fed mice.

Unlabelled: Exercise mitigates obesity-associated pathologies; however, there is controversy regarding optimal exercise interventions. Autophagy, is known to decrease during obesity and is an important moderator for exercise adaptations.

Purpose: To investigate individual and combined effects of different exercise interventions and autophagy inhibition on exercise adaptations during obesity.

Osmotic stimulation of vasopressin acutely impairs glucose regulation: a counterbalanced, crossover trial.

Background: Epidemiological studies in humans show increased concentrations of copeptin, a surrogate marker of arginine vasopressin (AVP), to be associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: To examine the acute and independent effect of osmotically stimulated AVP, measured via the surrogate marker copeptin, on glucose regulation in healthy adults.

Methods: Sixty subjects (30 females) participated in this crossover design study.

Validity of Predictive Equations for Resting Energy Expenditure in Greek Adults.

Aim: To examine the validity of published resting energy expenditure (REE) equations in Greek adults, and if indicated, develop new cohort-specific predictive REE equations.

Methods: Indirect calorimetry and anthropometric data were obtained from 226 adult volunteers of diverse age groups and body mass index ranges (18-60 years, 16.6-67.

Validation Testing Demonstrates Efficacy of a 7-Day Fluid Record to Estimate Daily Water Intake in Adult Men and Women When Compared with Total Body Water Turnover Measurement.

Mean daily water intake from fluids (WATER-FL) has proven to be difficult to measure because of a range of nonvalidated data collection techniques. Few questionnaires have been validated to estimate WATER-FL against self-reported diaries or urinary hydration markers, which may limit their objectivity. The goals of this investigation were ) to assess the validity of a 7-d fluid record (7dFLR) to measure WATER-FL (WATER-FL-7dFLR) through comparison with WATER-FL as calculated by measuring deuterium oxide (DO) disappearance (WATER-FL-DO), and ) to evaluate the reliability of the 7dFLR in measuring WATER-FL.

Reduced water intake deteriorates glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Epidemiological research has demonstrated that low daily total water intake is associated with increased diagnosis of hyperglycemia. Possible mechanisms for this increase include hormones related to the hypothalamic pituitary axis as well as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Therefore, the hypothesis of the present study was that acute low water intake would result in differential hormonal profiles and thus impaired blood glucose regulation during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

The Effect of Storing Temperature and Duration on Urinary Hydration Markers.

The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the effects of storage temperature, duration, and the urinary sediment on urinary hydration markers. Thirty-six human urine samples were analyzed fresh and then the remaining sample was separated into 24 separate vials, six in each of the following four temperatures: 22 °C, 7 °C, -20 °C, and -80 °C. Two of each sample stored in any given temperature, were analyzed after 1, 2, and 7 days either following vortexing or centrifugation.