Application of solid-state fermentation using mushrooms for the production of animal feed.

The increasing growth of agroindustrial activity resulting in excessive amounts of agriwaste has led to the accumulation of a large quantity of lignocellulosic residues all over the world, in particular in deforestation initiatives for the removal of invasive trees in South Africa. These lignocellulosic residues are rich in energy resources and consist of a mixture of natural polymers based on lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The use of lignolytic fungi such as mushrooms in solid-state fermentation could sufficiently degrade the indigestible lignocellulosic components and add medicinal and nutritional value to otherwise unusable, high-energy waste material, which in turn could yield a new method of producing energy-rich fodder for ruminant animals.

Linking Climate Variables to Large-Scale Spatial Pattern and Risk of Citrus Huanglongbing: A Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling Approach.

Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most important diseases affecting citriculture in the world. Knowledge of climatic factors linked to HLB risk at large spatial scales is limited. We gathered HLB presence and absence data from official surveys conducted in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, over 13 years.

Point Inoculation Method for Measuring Adult Plant Response of Wheat to Stripe Rust Infection.

Depending on the pathogenicity of the stripe rust fungus f. sp. , the nature of resistance in the wheat host plant, and the environment, a broad range of disease phenotypes can be expressed.