Short-Term Myopic Defocus and Choroidal Thickness in Children and Adults.

Purpose: Studies report conflicting findings regarding choroidal thickness changes in response to myopic defocus in humans. This study aimed to investigate the choroidal response to myopic defocus in children and adults using automated analysis.

Methods: Participants (N = 46) were distance-corrected in both eyes and viewed a movie on a screen for 10 minutes.

Peripheral Choroidal Response to Localized Defocus Blur: Influence of Native Peripheral Aberrations.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the short-term peripheral choroidal thickness (PChT) response to signed defocus blur, both with and without native peripheral aberrations. This examination will provide insights into the role of peripheral aberration in detecting signs of defocus.

Methods: The peripheral retina (temporal 15°) of the right eye was exposed to a localized video stimulus in 11 young adults.

Repeatability and agreement of the MYAH and Lenstar.

Significance: Validation of new biometry instruments against the gold standard and establishing repeatability are important before being utilized for clinical and research applications.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate intersession repeatability of the MYAH optical biometer and corneal topographer and examine agreement with the Lenstar LS900 optical biometer in healthy young adults.

Methods: Forty participants (mean age, 25.

Red light instruments for myopia exceed safety limits.

Purpose: Low-level red light (LLRL) therapy has recently emerged as a myopia treatment in children, with several studies reporting significant reduction in axial elongation and myopia progression. The goal of this study was to characterise the output and determine the thermal and photochemical maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of LLRL devices for myopia control.

Methods: Two LLRL devices, a Sky-n1201a and a Future Vision, were examined.

Utility of the Actiwatch Spectrum Plus for detecting the outdoor environment and physical activity in children.

Purpose: To describe the performance of the Actiwatch Spectrum Plus (Philips, Respironics) for determining real world indoor and outdoor environments and physical activity in children.

Methods: Children wore the device while performing 10 different activities, ranging from sedentary to vigorous physical-activity, and under different indoor and outdoor conditions. Repeated measures ANOVA was implemented via mixed effects modeling to determine illuminance (lux) and physical activity (counts per 15 s, CP15) across conditions.

Development of the University of Houston near work, environment, activity, and refraction (UH NEAR) survey for myopia.

Clinical Relevance: There is a need to better elucidate demographic and behavioural factors that are contributing to the rising prevalence of myopia. Doing so will aid in developing evidence-based recommendations for behavioural modifications to prevent onset and slow progression of myopia in children.

Background: The contributions of environmental and behavioural factors in myopia remain unclear.

Twenty-four hour diurnal variation in retinal oxygen saturation.

Retinal oxygen saturation is influenced by systemic and local vasculature, intraocular pressure (IOP), and individual cellular function. In numerous retinal pathologies, early changes take place at the level of the microvasculature, thereby affecting retinal oxygenation. The purpose of this study was to investigate diurnal variations in retinal oximetry measures and evaluate the relationship with other ocular and systemic physiological processes.

Associations between systemic melatonin and human myopia: A systematic review.

Purpose: Experimental models have implicated the role of melatonin circadian rhythm disruption in refractive error development. Recent studies have examined melatonin concentration and its diurnal patterns on refractive error with equivocal results. This systematic review aimed to summarise the literature on melatonin circadian rhythms in myopia.

IMI-The Dynamic Choroid: New Insights, Challenges, and Potential Significance for Human Myopia.

The choroid is the richly vascular layer of the eye located between the sclera and Bruch's membrane. Early studies in animals, as well as more recent studies in humans, have demonstrated that the choroid is a dynamic, multifunctional structure, with its thickness directly and indirectly subject to modulation by a variety of physiologic and visual stimuli. In this review, the anatomy and function of the choroid are summarized and links between the choroid, eye growth regulation, and myopia, as demonstrated in animal models, discussed.

IMI-Nonpathological Human Ocular Tissue Changes With Axial Myopia.

Purpose: To describe nonpathological myopia-related characteristics of the human eye.

Methods: Based on histomorphometric and clinical studies, qualitative and quantitative findings associated with myopic axial elongation are presented.

Results: In axial myopia, the eye changes from a spherical shape to a prolate ellipsoid, photoreceptor, and retinal pigment epithelium cell density and total retinal thickness decrease, most marked in the retroequatorial region, followed by the equator.

IMI 2023 Digest.

Myopia is a dynamic and rapidly moving field, with ongoing research providing a better understanding of the etiology leading to novel myopia control strategies. In 2019, the International Myopia Institute (IMI) assembled and published a series of white papers across relevant topics and updated the evidence with a digest in 2021. Here, we summarize findings across key topics from the previous 2 years.

Long-term blue light rearing does not affect in vivo retinal function in young rhesus monkeys.

Purpose: Exposure to blue light is thought to be harmful to the retina. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of long-term exposure to narrowband blue light on retinal function in rhesus monkeys.

Methods: Young rhesus monkeys were reared under short-wavelength "blue" light (n = 7; 465 nm, 183 ± 28 lx) on a 12-h light/dark cycle starting at 26 ± 2 days of age.

Baseline characteristics in the Israel refraction, environment, and devices (iREAD) study.

The purpose of this study is to present baseline data from a longitudinal study assessing behavioral factors in three groups of boys in Israel with varying myopia prevalence. Ultra-Orthodox (N = 57), religious (N = 67), and secular (N = 44) Jewish boys (age 8.6 ± 1.

The outdoor environment affects retinal and choroidal thickness.

Purpose: Accumulating evidence suggests that time outdoors is protective against myopia development and that the choroid may be involved in this effect. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of 2 h of time outdoors in sunlight on retinal and choroidal thickness in adults.

Methods: Twenty adults, ages 23-46 years, each participated in three experimental sessions on different days, consisting of 2 h of exposure to (1) indoor illumination (350 lux), (2) darkness (<0.

Corrigendum: Long-term narrowband lighting influences activity but not intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-driven pupil responses.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.

Objective quantification of viewing behaviours during printed and electronic tasks in emmetropic and myopic ultra-Orthodox Jewish men.

Purpose: Ultra-Orthodox Jewish men are known to have a high prevalence of myopia, which may be due to intense near-work from an early age. This study objectively assessed near-viewing behaviours in ultra-Orthodox and non-ultra-Orthodox men in Israel for different tasks.

Methods: Ultra-Orthodox (n = 30) and non-ultra-Orthodox (n = 38) men aged 18-33 years participated.

Diurnal Variation and Effects of Dilation and Sedation on Intraocular Pressure in Infant Rhesus Monkeys.

Purpose: Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important factor in numerous ocular conditions and research areas, including eye growth and myopia. In infant monkeys, IOP is typically measured under anesthesia. This study aimed to establish a method for awake IOP measurement in infant rhesus monkeys, determine diurnal variation, and assess the effects of dilation and sedation.

Effects of Monocular Light Deprivation on the Diurnal Rhythms in Retinal and Choroidal Thickness.

Purpose: To determine the effects of monocular light deprivation on diurnal rhythms in retinal and choroidal thickness.

Methods: Twenty participants, ages 22 to 45 years, underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging every three hours, from 8 AM to 8 PM, on two consecutive days. Participants wore an eye patch over the left eye starting at bedtime of day 1 until the end of the last measurement on day 2.

Objective Measures of Near Viewing and Light Exposure in Schoolchildren during COVID-19.

Significance: Wearable sensors provide the opportunity for continuous objective measurement of the visual environment with high resolution. Our findings show that absolute and temporal properties of near viewing and time outdoors vary between myopic and nonmyopic schoolchildren, which are important considerations when studying refractive error pathogenesis.

Purpose: Numerous behavioral factors, including near work, time outdoors, electronic device use, and sleep, have been linked to myopia.

Comparing low-coherence interferometry and A-scan ultrasonography in measuring ocular axial dimensions in young rhesus monkeys.

We investigated a commercial low-coherence interferometer (LenStar LS 900 optical biometer) in measuring young rhesus monkey ocular dimensions. Ocular biometry data obtained using a LenStar and an A-scan ultrasound instrument (OPT-scan 1000) from 163 rhesus monkeys during 20-348 days of age were compared by means of coefficients of concordance and 95% limits of agreement. Linear regression was employed to examine and analyze the inter-instrument discrepancies.

The prevalence of refractive errors in college students in Israel.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors in Jewish and Arab college students in Israel and associations with ethnicity and sex.

Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, first-year college students underwent non-cycloplegic autorefraction and answered a questionnaire to assess age, sex, and self-identified ethnicity. Spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) was calculated, and the prevalence of hyperopia (>+0.