Mapping the implementation of pharmacogenomic testing in community pharmacies 2003-2021 using the Theoretical Domains Framework: A scoping review.

Background: Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing is an evidence-based approach to finding effective medication therapies. While community pharmacists are ideally situated to provide PGx testing, the extent of its implementation is limited within community pharmacies.

Objective: This study aimed to explore trends in the international peer-reviewed primary literature on community pharmacists' implementation of PGx and map the main findings on the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF).

Evaluation of Medication Incidents in a Long-term Care Facility Using Electronic Medication Administration Records and Barcode Technology.

To describe the frequency, type, and severity of reported medication incidents that occurred at a long-term care facility (LTCF) despite electronic medication administration record and barcode-assisted medication administration (eMAR-BCMA) use. The study also contains analysis for the contribution of staff workarounds to reported medication administration errors (MAEs) using an established typology for BCMA workarounds, characterize if the eMAR-BCMA technology contributed to MAEs, and explore characteristics influencing incident severity. Retrospective incident report review.

Pharmacists as Personalized Medicine Experts (PRIME): Experiences Implementing Pharmacist-Led Pharmacogenomic Testing in Primary Care Practices.

Research exploring the integration of pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing by pharmacists into their primary care practices (including community pharmacies) has focused on the "external" factors that impact practice implementation. In this study, additional "internal" factors, related to the capabilities, opportunities, and motivations of pharmacists that influence their ability to implement PGx testing, were analyzed. Semi-structured interview data from the Pharmacists as Personalized Medicine Experts (PRIME) study, which examined the barriers and facilitators to implementing PGx testing by pharmacists into primary care practice, were analyzed.

Ensuring quality qualitative research reporting in community pharmacy: a systematic literature review.

Objectives: To evaluate the reporting quality for a sample of community pharmacy qualitative research articles based on the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) guidelines, data interpretation and use of theory.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE to identify qualitative research related to community pharmacy. Data were extracted and evaluated based on the SRQR standards, data interpretation level and use of theory.

Medication Education Provided to School-Aged Children: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Objectives: To characterize the educational interventions regarding prescription and nonprescription medication use for school-aged children, we systematically reviewed evidence of programs available for this age group.

Methods: Searches in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were conducted. Search terms focused on: population education, school-age children, and medications.

Checking Inhaler Technique in the Community Pharmacy: Predictors of Critical Errors.

Inhaled medications are critical in the pharmaceutical management of respiratory conditions, however, the majority of patients demonstrate at least one critical error when using an inhaler. Since community pharmacists can be instrumental in addressing this care gap, we aimed to determine the rate and type of critical inhaler errors in community pharmacy settings, elucidate the factors contributing to inhaler technique errors, and identify instances when community pharmacists check proper inhaler use. Fourth year pharmacy students on community practice placement (n = 53) identified 200 patients where at least one error was observed in 78% of participants when demonstrating inhaler technique.

Community pharmacists' clinical reasoning: a protocol analysis.

Background There are two fundamental approaches to clinical reasoning, intuitive and analytical. These approaches have yet to be well explored to describe how pharmacists make decisions to determine medication appropriateness. Objective (1) to identify the cognitive actions (i.

Family physicians' perceptions of pharmacists prescribing in Alberta.

Canadian pharmacists now have prescribing authority and little is documented about the physicians' perception, experience and relational dynamics evolving around the pharmacists' prescribing practice. The objective of this study was to explore Albertan family physicians' perceptions and experiences of pharmacists' prescribing practice. We used purposeful and maximum variation sampling method and semi-structured face to face or telephone interviews to collect data.

"Being in Control of My Asthma Myself" Patient Experience of Asthma Management: A Qualitative Interpretive Description.

Asthma control can be achieved with effective and safe medication use; however, many patients are not controlled. Patients' perceptions of asthma, asthma treatment, and pharmacist roles can impact patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore patients' experiences and patient⁻pharmacist relationships in asthma care.

Electronic Medication Administration Records in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Scoping Review.

Objectives: To map the extent, range, and nature of research on the effectiveness, level of use, and perceptions about electronic medication administration records (eMARs) in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and identify gaps in current knowledge and priority areas for future research.

Design: Scoping review of quantitative and qualitative literature.

Setting: Literature review.

Development and validation of a survey instrument to measure factors that influence pharmacist adoption of prescribing in Alberta, Canada.

Objective: Study objectives were to develop a questionnaire to assess factors influencing pharmacists' adoption of prescribing (i.e., continuing, adapting or initiating therapy), describe use of pre-incentive and mixed mode survey, and establish survey psychometric properties.

Assessing the knowledge to practice gap: The asthma practices of community pharmacists.

Background: Community pharmacists are well positioned to identify patients with poorly controlled asthma and trained to optimize asthma therapy. Yet, over 90% of patients with asthma live with uncontrolled disease. We sought to understand the current state of asthma management in practice in Alberta and explore the potential use of the Chat, Check and Chart (CCC) model to enhance pharmacists' care for patients with asthma.

Evaluating the potential for pharmacists to prescribe oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation.

Background: Oral anticoagulant therapy (OAC) to prevent atrial fibrillation (AF)-related strokes remains poorly used. Alternate strategies, such as community pharmacist prescribing of OAC, should be explored.

Methods: Approximately 400 pharmacists, half with additional prescribing authority (APA), randomly selected from the Alberta College of Pharmacists, were invited to participate in an online survey over a 6-week period.

Thoroughness of community pharmacists' assessment and communication using the patient care process.

Background: The patient care process (PCP) was adopted to move community pharmacy practice from the traditional dispensing role to a more professional level of patient care. However, research has not yet empirically characterized how pharmacists conduct the PCP in community pharmacies.

Objectives: This study characterizes how pharmacists employ the PCP when evaluating medication appropriateness in a simulated community pharmacy setting.

Any questions? Yes, do pharmacists monitor medications at refill?

Objectives: To describe pharmacists' self-reported refill monitoring activities and test for demographic and work setting differences that contribute to variation.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional survey design. A 4-contact survey was mailed to 599 community pharmacists randomly selected from a list provided by the state board of pharmacy.

Survey of pharmacist prescribing practices in Alberta.

Purpose: Results of a survey to characterize pharmacist prescribing in the Canadian province of Alberta are reported.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of a random sample of pharmacists registered with the Alberta College of Pharmacists was conducted. The survey was developed in four stages, with evidence of reliability and construct validity compiled.

Expressing and negotiating face in community pharmacist-patient interactions.

Background: A collaborative patient-pharmacist interaction is fundamental to greater patient satisfaction with pharmacy care and improved medication adherence. Effective pharmacist-patient communication occurs when both pharmacist and patient are able to successfully attend to not only the typical tasks and goals of the interaction but also basic face needs that underlie all social interaction; autonomy, competence or esteem, and fellowship. Addressing face needs occurs through conventional and strategic communication strategies that respond to the emerging needs throughout an interaction.

How pharmacists check the appropriateness of drug therapy? Observations in community pharmacy.

Background: In Alberta (Canadian province), the Chat Check Chart (CCC) model was developed to help pharmacists understand how patient care standards fit into routine practice. The CCC model outlines a process that covers the following: 1) Chart-asking three prime questions to gather information; 2) Check-perform pharmacotherapy workup by assessing prescription's indication, efficacy, safety and manageability; and 3) Chart-document findings of the pharmacotherapy workup.

Objectives: To characterize how pharmacist collect patient information and apply the pharmacotherapy workup when evaluating routine prescriptions in community pharmacy settings.

Standardized patients' preferences for pharmacist interactive communication style: A mixed method approach.

Background: Interactive communication approaches may help to shift pharmacy practice toward more patient-centered care. One example of such an approach is the 3 prime questions (3PQs). Patients' preferences for pharmacists' interactive communication styles were not identified in the literature.

A scoping review of research on the prescribing practice of Canadian pharmacists.

Background: Pharmacists in Canada have been prescribing since 2007. This review aims to explore the volume, array and nature of research activity on Canadian pharmacist prescribing and to identify gaps in the existing literature.

Methods: We conducted a scoping review to examine the literature on prescribing by pharmacists in Canada according to methodological trends, research areas and key findings.

Pharmacists on primary care teams: Effect on antihypertensive medication management in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To identify which activities produced a significant improvement in blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes when pharmacists were added to primary care teams.

Methods: This prespecified, secondary analysis evaluated medication management data from a randomized controlled trial. The primary outcome was a change in treatment, defined as addition, dosage increase, or switching of an antihypertensive medication during the 1-year study period.