The effect of transient increase in intraocular pressure on subfoveal choroidal thickness.

Significance: Myopia prevalence has increased over the last few decades. Studies have documented that the choroid is considered an important biomarker in myopia development. As myopia and choroidal thinning are associated with increased glaucoma risk, understanding the role of the choroid in myopia and glaucoma is imperative.

Excessive Gestational Weight Gain, Independent of Body Mass Index, Is Associated With Child Fat Mass Index at Age 2 Years in the Growing life, Optimizing Wellness Study.

Background: Excessive gestational weight gain (eGWG) increases risk for pregnancy complications and future obesity for pregnant persons and children. Yet, it is unclear whether eGWG leads to higher child adiposity at 2 years, independent of the pregnant person's body mass index (BMI) while considering important covariates. Moreover, understanding the characteristics of pregnant persons experiencing eGWG will help design future targeted interventions.

Advancing optometry education through global frameworks and international collaborations.

Global curriculum initiatives aim to enhance the education of optometrists across the world. This is done by establishing competencies and frameworks necessary for consistency in education and training. Through collaboration and knowledge exchange between educators and institutions, future optometrists can be equipped with the latest evidence-based knowledge and skills to deliver quality eye care, regardless of geographical location.

A proposed feedback model for the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) in health and medical education.

What Was The Educational Challenge?: The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is used extensively in health and medical education to assess clinical competence. While OSCEs are not primarily designed for individual feedback, they provide an opportunity to generate meaningful and constructive feedback that students can use to reflect on areas of weakness (and strength). The most timely and effective way to incorporate individual feedback following a summative OSCE continues to be explored.

A YAP-centered mechanotransduction loop drives collective breast cancer cell invasion.

Dense and aligned Collagen I fibers are associated with collective cancer invasion led by protrusive tumor cells, leader cells. In some breast tumors, a population of cancer cells (basal-like cells) maintain several epithelial characteristics and express the myoepithelial/basal cell marker Keratin 14 (K14). Emergence of leader cells and K14 expression are regarded as interconnected events triggered by Collagen I, however the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.

A Mediterranean diet plan in lactating women with obesity reduces maternal energy intake and modulates human milk composition - a feasibility study.

Introduction: Maternal obesity is associated with increased concentrations of human milk (HM) obesogenic hormones, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oligosaccharides (HMOs) that have been associated with infant growth and adiposity. The objective of this pilot study was to determine if adherence to a Mediterranean meal plan during lactation modulates macronutrients and bioactive molecules in human milk from mothers with obesity.

Methods: Sixteen healthy, exclusively breastfeeding women with obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m) enrolled between 4 and 5 months postpartum.

Design and conduct of a randomized controlled feeding trial in a residential setting with mitigation for COVID-19.

Background: Evaluating effects of different macronutrient diets in randomized trials requires well defined infrastructure and rigorous methods to ensure intervention fidelity and adherence.

Methods: This controlled feeding study comprised two phases. During a Run-in phase (14-15 weeks), study participants (18-50 years, BMI, ≥27 kg/m) consumed a very-low-carbohydrate (VLC) diet, with home delivery of prepared meals, at an energy level to promote 15 ± 3% weight loss.

Physiologic Adaptation to Macronutrient Change Distorts Findings from Short Dietary Trials: Reanalysis of a Metabolic Ward Study.

An influential 2-wk cross-over feeding trial without a washout period purported to show advantages of a low-fat diet (LFD) compared with a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) for weight control. In contrast to several other macronutrient trials, the diet order effect was originally reported as not significant. In light of a new analysis by the original investigative group identifying an order effect, we aimed to examine, in a reanalysis of publicly available data (16 of 20 original participants; 7 female; mean BMI, 27.

Total water intake guidelines are sufficient for optimal hydration in United States adults.

Purpose: Recent studies suggest that 24-h urine osmolality (UOsm) for optimal water intake should be maintained < 500 mmol·kg. The purpose of this study was to determine the total water intake (TWI) requirement for healthy adults to maintain optimal hydration as indicated by 24-h urine osmolality < 500 mmol·kg.

Methods: Twenty-four-hour UOsm was assessed in 49 men and 50 women residing in the United States (age: 41 ± 14 y, body mass index: 26.

Fighting Acinetobacter baumannii infections with the acylase PvdQ.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that poses a threat for frail patients worldwide. The high ability to withstand environmental stresses as well as its resistance towards a broad range of antibiotics make A. baumannii an effective hard-to-eradicate pathogen.

Prolonged Glycemic Adaptation Following Transition From a Low- to High-Carbohydrate Diet: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial.

Objective: Consuming ≥150 g/day carbohydrate is recommended for 3 days before an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for diabetes diagnosis. For evaluation of this recommendation, time courses of glycemic changes following transition from a very-low-carbohydrate (VLC) to high-carbohydrate diet were assessed with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

Research Design And Methods: After achieving a weight loss target of 15% (±3%) on the run-in VLC diet, participants (18-50 years old, BMI ≥27 kg/m2) were randomly assigned for 10 weeks to one of three isoenergetic diets: VLC (5% carbohydrate and 77% fat); high carbohydrate, high starch (HC-Starch) (57% carbohydrate and 25% fat, including 20% refined grains); and high carbohydrate, high sugar (HC-Sugar) (57% carbohydrate and 25% fat, including 20% sugar).

Mitochondrial aberrations during the progression of disuse atrophy differentially affect male and female mice.

Background: Disuse decreases muscle size and is predictive of mortality across multiple pathologies. Detriments to mitochondrial function are hypothesized to underlie disuse-induced muscle atrophy. Little data exist on early mechanisms contributing to onset of these pathologies, nor is it known how they differ between sexes.

Validity and Reliability of a Water Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Daily Total Water Intake in Adults.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the validity and reliability of a seven-day water frequency questionnaire (TWI-FQ) to estimate daily total water intake (TWI) in comparison to a water turnover objective reference value via deuterium oxide (DO). Data collection occurred over 3 weeks, with a wash-out period during week two. Healthy adults ( = 98; 52% female; 41 ± 14 y; BMI, 26.

Female mice may have exacerbated catabolic signalling response compared to male mice during development and progression of disuse atrophy.

Background: Muscle atrophy is a common pathology associated with disuse, such as prolonged bed rest or spaceflight, and is associated with detrimental health outcomes. There is emerging evidence that disuse atrophy may differentially affect males and females. Cellular mechanisms contributing to the development and progression of disuse remain elusive, particularly protein turnover cascades.

Metabolic flux analysis of branched-chain amino and keto acids (BCAA, BCKA) and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid across multiple organs in the pig.

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and their metabolites the branched-chain keto acids (BCKA) and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) are involved in the regulation of key signaling pathways in the anabolic response to a meal. However, their (inter)organ kinetics remain unclear. Therefore, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) [leucine (Leu), valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile)], BCKA [α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC), 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid (KMV), 2-oxoisovalerate (KIV)], and HMB across organ net fluxes were measured.

Combining urine color and void number to assess hydration in adults and children.

Background/objectives: To test the diagnostic ability of two combined practical markers for elevated urine osmolality (underhydration) in free-living adults and children.

Subjects/methods: One hundred and one healthy adults (females n = 52, 40 ± 14 y, 1.70 ± 0.

Cellular dehydration acutely degrades mood mainly in women: a counterbalanced, crossover trial.

It is unclear if mild-to-moderate dehydration independently affects mood without confounders like heat exposure or exercise. This study examined the acute effect of cellular dehydration on mood. Forty-nine adults (55 % female, age 39 (sd 8) years) were assigned to counterbalanced, crossover trials.

Comparative plasma proteomics in muscle atrophy during cancer-cachexia and disuse: The search for atrokines.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is common across a variety of pathologies. Underlying mechanisms of atrophy differ between pathologies, and in many conditions, circulating factors are tied to muscle atrophy. Therefore, we sought to identify alterations to the plasma proteome across divergent forms of muscle atrophy, disuse and cancer cachexia, as potential mediators of atrophy.

Altering aspects of mitochondrial quality to improve musculoskeletal outcomes in disuse atrophy.

Muscle atrophy is a significant moderator for disease prognosis; as such, interventions to mitigate disuse-induced muscle loss are imperative to improve clinical interventions. Mitochondrial deteriorations may underlie disuse-induced myopathies; therefore, improving mitochondrial quality may be an enticing therapeutic intervention. However, different mitochondria-based treatments may have divergent impacts on the prognosis of disuse atrophy.