sp. as a presumptive cause of fatal acute gastric dilation and gastric emphysema in rhesus macaques.

A 4-y-old female and 3-y-old male rhesus macaque (), both housed in the same facility, died unexpectedly within 2 wk. Postmortem examination revealed severe gastric dilation in both macaques and gastric emphysema in the female macaque. Histologically, bacteria consistent with sp.

Phase relationship between micro-electrocorticography and cortical neurons.

Objective: Electrocorticography (ECoG) is commonly used to map epileptic foci and to implement brain-computer interfaces. Understanding the spatiotemporal correspondence between potentials recorded from the brain's surface and the firing patterns of neurons within the cortex would inform the interpretation of ECoG signals and the design of (microfabricated) micro-ECoG electrode arrays. Based on the theory that synaptic potentials generated by neurons firing in synchrony superimpose to generate local field potentials (LFPs), we hypothesized that neurons in the cortex would fire at preferential phases of the micro-ECoG signal in a spatially dependent way.

Behavioral Characteristics of Adult Zebrafish () after MS222 Anesthesia for Fin Excision.

The health of laboratory animals is an ethical responsibility of researchers and a critical determinant of experimental outcome. Therefore, all husbandry procedures should be evaluated for their effects on mortality, behavior, and physiology to maximize animal welfare and minimize experimental variability. For adult zebrafish, the excision of a small portion of the caudal fin (that is, 'fin clipping') under MS222 anesthesia is a common procedure to obtain tissue for genotyping.

A Novel Loading Method for Doxycycline Liposomes for Intracellular Drug Delivery: Characterization of In Vitro and In Vivo Release Kinetics and Efficacy in a J774A.1 Cell Line Model of Mycobacterium smegmatis Infection.

Doxycycline (doxy) is used in treating intracellular and extracellular infections. Liposomal (LE) antibiotics allow low-frequency dosing and extended efficacy compared with standard (STD) formulations. We developed a novel sulfuric acid-loading method for doxycycline liposomes (LE-doxy).

Patterned optogenetic modulation of neurovascular and metabolic signals.

The hemodynamic and metabolic response of the cortex depends spatially and temporally on the activity of multiple cell types. Optogenetics enables specific cell types to be modulated with high temporal precision and is therefore an emerging method for studying neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling. Going beyond temporal investigations, we developed a microprojection system to apply spatial photostimulus patterns in vivo.

Optogenetic micro-electrocorticography for modulating and localizing cerebral cortex activity.

Objective: Spatial localization of neural activity from within the brain with electrocorticography (ECoG) and electroencephalography remains a challenge in clinical and research settings, and while microfabricated ECoG (micro-ECoG) array technology continues to improve, complementary methods to simultaneously modulate cortical activity while recording are needed.

Approach: We developed a neural interface utilizing optogenetics, cranial windowing, and micro-ECoG arrays fabricated on a transparent polymer. This approach enabled us to directly modulate neural activity at known locations around micro-ECoG arrays in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2.

Pharmacokinetics of ammonium sulfate gradient loaded liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone and hydromorphone in healthy dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics, in dogs, of liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone and hydromorphone made by the ammonium sulfate gradient loading technique (ASG).

Animals: Four healthy purpose-bred Beagles aged 9.5 ± 3.

Antinociceptive effects of long-acting nalbuphine decanoate after intramuscular administration to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).

Objective: To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects and duration of action of nalbuphine decanoate after IM administration to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).

Animals: 10 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots of unknown sex.

Procedures: Nalbuphine decanoate (33.

Pharmacokinetics of long-acting nalbuphine decanoate after intramuscular administration to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine decanoate after IM administration to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).

Animals: 9 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots of unknown sex.

Procedures: Nalbuphine decanoate (37.

Evaluation of liposome-encapsulated butorphanol tartrate for alleviation of experimentally induced arthritic pain in green-cheeked conures (Pyrrhura molinae).

Objective: To evaluate injection of microcrystalline sodium urate (MSU) for inducing articular pain in green-cheeked conures (Pyrrhura molinae) and the analgesic efficacy of liposome-encapsulated butorphanol tartrate (LEBT) by use of weight load data, behavioral scores, and fecal corticosterone concentration.

Animals: 8 conures.

Procedures: In a crossover study, conures were randomly assigned to receive LEBT (15 mg/kg) or liposomal vehicle subsequent to experimental induction of arthritis or sham injection.

Analgesic effects of carprofen and liposome-encapsulated butorphanol tartrate in Hispaniolan parrots (Amazona ventralis) with experimentally induced arthritis.

Objective: To evaluate the microcrystalline sodium urate (MSU) method for inducing arthritis in parrots and to compare the analgesic efficacy of long-acting liposome-encapsulated butorphanol (LEBT), carprofen, or a combination of both.

Animals: 20 Hispaniolan parrots.

Procedures: MSU was injected into a tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal (intertarsal) joint to induce arthritis (time 0).

Pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone hydrochloride in healthy dogs.

Objective: To assess the pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone administered intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC) to dogs.

Study Design: Randomized experimental trial.

Animals: Seven healthy male neutered Beagles aged 12.

A single dose of liposome-encapsulated hydromorphone provides extended analgesia in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

Opioids have been shown to relieve thermal hyperalgesia associated with neuropathic pain. We used a novel technique to produce liposome-encapsulated hydromorphone (LEH), which we then tested in a chronic constriction injury (CCI) thermal hyperalgesia model of neuropathic pain. Rats were divided into sham-operated and CCI groups.