Phenotypic Timeline Kinetics, Integrative Networks, and Performance of T- and B-Cell Subsets Associated with Distinct Clinical Outcome of Severe COVID-19 Patients.

The present study aimed to evaluate the kinetics of the phenotypic profile and integrative networks of T/B-cells in severe COVID-19 patients, categorized according to disease outcome, during the circulation of the B.1.1.

Signatures of CD4 T and B cells are associated with distinct stages of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy.

Introduction: Chagas disease is a neglected parasitic disease caused by . While most patients are asymptomatic, around 30% develop Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy (CCC).

Methods: Here, we employed high-dimensional flow cytometry to analyze CD4 T and B cell compartments in patients during the chronic phase of Chagas disease, presenting the asymptomatic and mild or moderate/severe cardiac clinical forms.

Comprehensive landscape of neutralizing antibody and cell-mediated response elicited by the 1/5 fractional dose of 17DD-YF primary vaccination in adults.

The present study aimed at evaluating the YF-specific neutralizing antibody profile besides a multiparametric analysis of phenotypic/functional features of cell-mediated response elicited by the 1/5 fractional dose of 17DD-YF vaccine, administered as a single subcutaneous injection. The immunological parameters of each volunteer was monitored at two time points, referred as: before (Day 0) [Non-Vaccinated, NV] and after vaccination (Day 30-45) [Primary Vaccinees, PV]. Data demonstrated high levels of neutralizing antibodies for PV leading to a seropositivity rate of 93%.

Immune response induced by standard and fractional doses of 17DD yellow fever vaccine.

The re-emergence of yellow fever (YF) urged new mass vaccination campaigns and, in 2017, the World Health Organization approved the use of the fractional dose (FD) of the YF vaccine due to stock shortage. In an observational cross-sectional investigation, we have assessed viremia, antibodies, soluble mediators and effector and memory T and B-cells induced by primary vaccination of volunteers with FD and standard dose (SD). Similar viremia and levels of antibodies and soluble markers were induced early after immunization.

Serotype-associated immune response and network immunoclusters in children and adults during acute Dengue virus infection.

The present study was designed as an exploratory investigation to characterize the overall profile of chemokines, growth factors, and pro-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines during acute DENV infection according to DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-4 serotypes and age: children: <1-10-year-old (yo); adolescents:11-20 yo; adults 21-40 yo; and older adults: 41-75 yo. The levels of soluble immunemediators were measured in serum by high-throughput microbeads array in 636 subjects including 317 DENV-infected and 319 age-matching non-infected control (NI). Overall, most soluble mediators were increased in DENV-infected patients as compared to NI group regardless of age and DENV serotype, with high magnitude order of increase for CCL2, CXCL10, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL1-Ra (fold change >3x), except PDGF in which no fold change was observed.

Serum soluble mediators as prognostic biomarkers for morbidity, disease outcome, and late-relapsing hepatitis in yellow fever patients.

This study described a soluble mediator storm in acute Yellow Fever/YF infection along the kinetics timeline towards convalescent disease. The analyses of the YF Viral RNAnemia, chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors were performed in YF patients at acute/(D1-15) and convalescent/(D16-315) phases. Patients with acute YF infection displayed a trimodal viremia profile spreading along D3, D6, and D8-14.

Chagasic cardiomyopathy is marked by a unique signature of activated CD4 T cells.

Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease in Latin America and an imported emerging disease worldwide. Chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most prominent clinical form and can lead to heart failure, thromboembolism, and sudden death. While previous reports have supported a role for CD4 T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of CCC a comprehensive analysis of these cells during different clinical forms is lacking.

Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on cognition, symptoms, and response to digital cognitive training in schizophrenia.

Studies indicate that neuroscience-informed digital cognitive training can remediate cognitive impairments in schizophrenia, but the factors contributing to these deficits and response to treatment remain unclear. Toxoplasma gondii is a neuroinvasive parasite linked to cognitive decline that also presents a higher prevalence in schizophrenia. Here, we compared the cognition and symptom severity of IgG seropositive (TOXO+; n = 25) and seronegative (TOXO-; n = 35) patients who participated in a randomized controlled trial of digital cognitive training.

Malaria Resilience in South America: Epidemiology, Vector Biology, and Immunology Insights from the Amazonian International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research Network in Peru and Brazil.

The 1990s saw the rapid reemergence of malaria in Amazonia, where it remains an important public health priority in South America. The Amazonian International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) was designed to take a multidisciplinary approach toward identifying novel malaria control and elimination strategies. Based on geographically and epidemiologically distinct sites in the Northeastern Peruvian and Western Brazilian Amazon regions, synergistic projects integrate malaria epidemiology, vector biology, and immunology.

Serum Soluble Mediator Profiles and Networks During Acute Infection With Distinct DENV Serotypes.

A panoramic analysis of chemokines, pro-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines, and growth factors was performed in serum samples from patients with acute DENV infection (n=317) by a high-throughput microbeads array. Most soluble mediators analyzed were increased in DENV patients regardless of the DENV serotype. The substantial increase (≥10-fold) of CXCL10, IL-6, and IFN-γ, and decreased levels of PDGF (<0.

Serum soluble mediator waves and networks along healthy ageing.

The ageing process is a complex phenomenon that impacts the immune system, leading to changes in the pattern of serum soluble mediators. In the present study, the serum levels of several chemokines, pro-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines and growth factors were quantified by high-throughput microbeads array in serum samples from 541 healthy subjects at distinct age ranges (3 to >70). A broad increase in serum soluble mediators was observed at 6-10 with subsequent decline at 11-20 and 21-30 followed by a second round of upregulation starting at 31-40, with a large increase at 51-60 and a marked decline at age >70.

Asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon: Submicroscopic parasitemic blood infects Nyssorhynchus darlingi.

Individuals with asymptomatic infection due to Plasmodium vivax are posited to be important reservoirs of malaria transmission in endemic regions. Here we studied a cohort of P. vivax malaria patients in a suburban area in the Brazilian Amazon.

Long-term impact of congenital toxoplasmosis on phenotypic and functional features of circulating leukocytes from infants one year after treatment onset.

Changes in immune response of children with congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) regarding infection evolution and therapeutic intervention was addressed. Infants with CT presented increased counts of monocytes, CD3CD16CD56, CD3CD56 and CD4 T-cells 1-year after treatment onset (TOXO). Smaller numbers of CD3CD16CD56 and TCRγδ T-cells were specifically observed in infants with retinochoroidal lesions (L(+)).

Plasmodium vivax Infection Alters Mitochondrial Metabolism in Human Monocytes.

Monocytes play an important role in the host defense against Plasmodium vivax as the main source of inflammatory cytokines and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). Here, we show that monocyte metabolism is altered during human P. vivax malaria, with mitochondria playing a major function in this switch.

Infection Is Impacted by Malnutrition.

Schistosomiasis remains one of the most important neglected tropical diseases in the world. It mainly affects developing countries, where it often coexists with malnutrition. Despite this, few studies have investigated the relationship between schistosomiasis and malnutrition.

Clinical and Multimodal Imaging Findings and Risk Factors for Ocular Involvement in a Presumed Waterborne Toxoplasmosis Outbreak, Brazil.

In 2015, an outbreak of presumed waterborne toxoplasmosis occurred in Gouveia, Brazil. We conducted a 3-year prospective study on a cohort of 52 patients from this outbreak, collected clinical and multimodal imaging findings, and determined risk factors for ocular involvement. At baseline examination, 12 (23%) patients had retinochoroiditis; 4 patients had bilateral and 2 had macular lesions.

Putative biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of congenital ocular toxoplasmosis.

In the present study we have evaluated the performance of several immunological biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Our results showed that ex vivo serum levels of CXCL9, and the frequencies of circulating CD4CD25 T-cells and T. gondii-specific IFN-γCD4 T-cells measured 30-45 days after birth presented high accuracy to distinguish T.

T-cells producing multiple combinations of IFNγ, TNF and IL10 are associated with mild forms of dengue infection.

Multifunctional interleukin 10 (IL10) Th1 cells have been implicated in favorable evolution of many infectious diseases, promoting an efficacious immune response while limiting immunopathology. Here, we investigated the presence of multifunctional CD4 and CD8 T-cells that expressed interferon gamma (IFNγ), IL10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or its combinations during dengue infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from outpatients with dengue (mild dengue forms) and hospitalized patients (or patients with dengue with warning signs and severe dengue) were cultured in the presence of envelope (ENV) or NS3 peptide libraries of DENV during critical (hospitalization period) and convalescence phases.

IFN-α as a time-sensitive biomarker during Oropouche virus infection in early and late seroconverters.

In the present study, patients with acute OROV fever were classified as early seroconverters (IgM/IgG positive at baseline) or late seroconverters (IgM/IgG negative at baseline) and the timeline kinetics of the production of chemokines and cytokines were assessed at 1-3, 4-7, 8-10 and ≥11 days after patients have reported the first symptoms. Regardless immunoglobulin profile, all OROV fever patients presented higher levels of CXCL8, and IFN-α and lower levels of TNF and IL-10 at baseline as compared to healthy donors (HD). Lower levels of CCL2, CXCL10, and IFN-γ and higher levels of CCL2, CXCL10, IL-6, and IL-17A were detected in early and late seroconverters, respectively, as compared to HD.

Impact of synthetic and biological immunomodulatory therapy on the duration of 17DD yellow fever vaccine-induced immunity in rheumatoid arthritis.

Background: The 17DD-yellow fever (YF) vaccine induces a long-lasting protective immunity, resulting from humoral and cellular immunological memory. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) may affect pre-existing 17DD-vaccine protective immunity and increase the risk of acquiring YF infection. Our goal was to determine whether DMARD would affect the duration of YF-specific protective immunity in RA patients.

The emergence of pathogenic TNF/iNOS producing dendritic cells (Tip-DCs) in a malaria model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is dependent on CCR4.

Malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI) are complications that cause lung damage and often leads to death. The MA-ARDS/ALI is associated with a Type 1 inflammatory response mediated by T lymphocytes and IFN-γ. Here, we used the Plasmodium berghei NK65 (PbN)-induced MA-ALI/ARDS model that resembles human disease and confirmed that lung CD4 and CD8 T cells predominantly expressed Tbet and IFN-γ.

Monocyte subpopulations as important biomarkers of resistence and susceptibility during experimental infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) major.

Visceral Leishmaniasis is a chronic and lethal, parasitic disease. In the later infection stages, it is known that expressive hematological disorders can be observed, including changes in the frequency and phenotype of certain leukocytes. There is a lack of good prognostic indicators to characterize the on-goin clinical status of the patient.

T follicular helper cells regulate the activation of B lymphocytes and antibody production during Plasmodium vivax infection.

Although the importance of humoral immunity to malaria has been established, factors that control antibody production are poorly understood. Follicular helper T cells (Tfh cells) are pivotal for generating high-affinity, long-lived antibody responses. While it has been proposed that expansion of antigen-specific Tfh cells, interleukin (IL) 21 production and robust germinal center formation are associated with protection against malaria in mice, whether Tfh cells are found during Plasmodium vivax (P.

Distinct patterns of cellular immune response elicited by influenza non-adjuvanted and AS03-adjuvanted monovalent H1N1(pdm09) vaccine.

The study aimed at identifying biomarkers of immune response elicited by non-adjuvanted-(NAV) and adjuvanted-(AV) H1N1(pdm09) vaccines. The results showed that despite both vaccines elicited similar levels of anti-H1N1 antibodies at day30 after vaccination, higher reactivity was observed in AV at day180. While AV induced early changes in cell-surface molecules on monocytes, CD4, CD8 T-cells and B-cells, NAV triggered minor changes, starting later on at day3.