Post-event processing in social anxiety: A scoping review.

Graded exposure successfully reduces fear in specific phobias and anxiety disorders, yet social exposure in daily life often fails to mitigate social anxiety. Post-event processing, perseverative, negative, self-referential thinking that occurs following a social-evaluative event, may partly explain inhibited desensitization to social fears. Post-event processing has been studied extensively since its first description by Clark and Wells (1995) and previously reviewed (e.

Gauging the stress of long-term care nursing assistants using ecological momentary assessment, wearable sensors and end of day reconstruction.

Background: Nursing assistants working in long-term care (LTC) often report that their job is stressful. To reduce their work stress, a better understanding of their stress profile is needed.

Objective: We aimed to pilot test methods to identify and understand stressors that LTC nursing assistants experience.

Diversity in emotion regulation strategy use: Resilience against posttraumatic stress disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with impaired emotion regulation (ER). ER diversity, the variety, prevalence, and relative abundance of ER strategy use, may provide resilience against PTSD. This study examined the prospective relation between ER diversity and PTSD, while accounting for negative and positive life events, in interpersonal violence (IPV) survivors.

Interpersonal Factors, Peer Relationship Stressors, and Gender Differences in Adolescent Depression.

Purpose Of Review: Compared to boys, girls value close relationships more. Thus, heightened affiliative proclivities may serve as a particularly salient psychosocial risk factor for depression in adolescent girls. The purpose of this review is to examine whether the preponderance of depression in girls is because of gender differences in interpersonal vulnerabilities and peer relationship stressors and/or in the associations between these factors and depression.

Biased cognitive control of emotional information in remitted depression: A meta-analytic review.

Cognitive theories of depression posit that maladaptive information processing increases the risk for depression recurrence. There is increasing theoretical and empirical support for the cognitive control of emotional information as a vulnerability factor for depression recurrence. In this investigation, findings from behavioral studies that compared the cognitive control of emotional information between participants with remitted major depressive disorder (rMDD) and healthy control (HC) participants were examined.

Growth mindset and responses to acute stress.

Individuals with high levels of growth mindsets believe that attributes are malleable. Although links between acute stress responses and growth mindsets of thought, emotion, and behaviour are central to the conceptualisation of psychological disorders and their treatment, such links have yet to be examined. Undergraduate participants (= 135) completed a modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and their salivary cortisol and anxiety were assessed throughout the session.

Gender differences in aggression: A multiplicative function of outward anger expression.

Individuals with a higher (vs. lower) tendency to outwardly express anger (i.e.

Physiological sensation word usage in social anxiety disorder with and without comorbid depression.

Background & Objectives: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by a fear of showing anxiety symptoms, which may manifest in greater physiological sensation (PS) word usage, especially when describing their anxious experiences. However, the role of comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) is unknown. Given blunted physiological arousal in MDD, the SAD only group (SAD) may use more PS words than the comorbid (COM) group with SAD and MDD when discussing anxious memories.

Behavioral inhibition system sensitivity moderates audio-visual neutral information processing.

Background And Objectives: Misperception of other people's intention and emotions could cause and worsen interpersonal problems, thereby increasing the likelihood of developing depression and anxiety disorders among individuals who are already at risk for those conditions. Although multisensory emotional information is ubiquitous in the real world, most previous research focused exclusively on processing facial expressions. Addressing this gap, the current study examined the association between behavioral inhibition system (BIS) sensitivity and audio-visual emotional information processing.

Emotional response to autobiographical memories in depression: less happiness to positive and more sadness to negative memories.

Retrieving positive autobiographical memories effectively repairs mood in healthy individuals. This is not the case in individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) possibly due to lower levels of positive emotions elicited by the positive memories. We examined whether the intensity of emotions experienced from recalling the happiest, saddest, and most anxious autobiographical memories differed between individuals with MDD ( = 30) and healthy controls ( = 46).

Depression and affective flexibility: A valence-specific bias.

Depression might be associated with poor affective flexibility, defined as the ability to switch between emotional and non-emotional aspects of a stimulus. However, it is unclear whether affective inflexibility in depression is valence-specific, whether it predicts future depressive symptoms, and whether affective flexibility following a stressor, compared to before a stressor, better predicts depressive symptoms. Before and after a stressor, participants (N = 300) completed an affective switching task during which they categorized pictures either by the valence or by the number of humans present in the pictures.

Cognitive control and cortisol response to stress in generalised anxiety disorder: a study of working memory capacity with negative and neutral distractors.

We investigated the association between cognitive control and individual differences in cortisol response to stress in participants with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and in never-disordered controls (CTL). To assess cognitive control, participants completed an affective version of the reading span task, which measures working memory capacity (WMC) in the presence of negative and neutral distractors. Participants then completed a standard psychosocial stressor and provided salivary cortisol samples throughout.

Affective flexibility and generalized anxiety disorder: valence-specific shifting difficulties.

Growing evidence suggests that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is associated with poor affective flexibility, defined as the ability to switch between emotional aspects and non-emotional aspects of a situation. However, it is unclear whether affective inflexibility is valence-specific in GAD. Participants with GAD ( = 21) and non-clinical control participants ( = 28) were tested on an Affective Switching Task during which participants were asked to categorize pictures either by the valence or by the number of humans present in the pictures.

Utility of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Children With Strabismus.

Purpose: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain can provide valuable information about structural abnormalities in strabismus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of MRI in this regard and to identify risk factors for abnormal MRI results in children with strabismus.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of children <18 years of age presenting with strabismus, who underwent brain MRI at Pusan National University Hospital (Busan, Korea) between January 2012 and March 2017, was performed.

Mindfulness and negative affectivity in real time: a within-person process model.

To extend our understanding of the proximal etiology of personality pathology, this study examined the dynamic, in-the-moment relations between mindfulness and negative affectivity (NA; emotional lability, anxiousness, separation insecurity) as defined by the alternative model for personality disorders. We tested predictions based upon the Monitor and Acceptance Theory that when people monitored their attention judgmentally, their state NA would be higher than usual; by contrast, when they monitored their attention nonjudgmentally, their state NA would be lower than usual. Sixty-five undergraduates participated in an experience sampling study wherein they completed five reports per day for eight days about their states of mindfulness and NA.

Clinical characterization of anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome in Korean children.

Anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome encompasses Miller Fisher syndrome and its related disorders. We retrospectively identified 11 pediatric patients (5.4-18 years old) with anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome.

Comparison of conservative therapy and steroid therapy for Bell's palsy in children.

Purpose: Bell's palsy is characterized by sudden onset of unilateral facial weakness. The use of corticosteroids for childhood Bell's palsy is controversial. This study aimed to identify clinical characteristics, etiology, and laboratory findings in childhood Bell's palsy, and to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroid treatment.

Intensity dependence in high-level facial expression adaptation aftereffect.

Perception of a facial expression can be altered or biased by a prolonged viewing of other facial expressions, known as the facial expression adaptation aftereffect (FEAA). Recent studies using antiexpressions have demonstrated a monotonic relation between the magnitude of the FEAA and adaptor extremity, suggesting that facial expressions are opponent coded and represented continuously from one expression to its antiexpression. However, it is unclear whether the opponent-coding scheme can account for the FEAA between two facial expressions.

Emotion regulation and biological stress responding: associations with worry, rumination, and reappraisal.

Individual differences in the habitual use of emotion regulation strategies may play a critical role in understanding psychological and biological stress reactivity and recovery in depression and anxiety. This study investigated the relation between the habitual use of different emotion regulation strategies and cortisol reactivity and recovery in healthy control individuals (CTL; n = 33) and in individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD; n = 41). The tendency to worry was associated with increased cortisol reactivity to a stressor across the full sample.

Working memory capacity and spontaneous emotion regulation in generalised anxiety disorder.

Researchers have postulated that deficits in cognitive control are associated with, and thus may underlie, the perseverative thinking that characterises generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). We examined associations between cognitive control and levels of spontaneous state rumination following a stressor in a sample of healthy control participants (CTL; n = 27) and participants with GAD (n = 21). We assessed cognitive control by measuring working memory capacity (WMC), defined as the ability to maintain task-relevant information by ignoring task-irrelevant information.

Working memory in social anxiety disorder: better manipulation of emotional versus neutral material in working memory.

Individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) engage in post-event processing, a form of perseverative thinking. Given that deficits in working memory might underlie perseverative thinking, we examined working memory in SAD with a particular focus on the effects of stimulus valence. SAD (n = 31) and healthy control (n = 20) participants either maintained (forward trials) or reversed (backward trials) in working memory the order of four emotional or four neutral pictures, and we examined sorting costs, which reflect the extent to which performance deteriorated on the backward trials compared to the forward trials.

Clinical features of anaphylaxis according to age in a single university hospital in Korea.

Background: Prevalence of anaphylaxis is increasing steadily, but there is scant information about anaphylaxis.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of anaphylaxis and evaluate the cause and features of anaphylaxis according to age.

Method: The relevance of gender, age, history of allergic diseases, causes and clinical symptoms in the treatment and prognosis of anaphylaxis were retrospectively evaluated in patients diagnosed with anaphylaxis in Pusan National University Hospital from January 2009 to June 2014.

Rumination and Cognitive Distraction in Major Depressive Disorder: An Examination of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia.

Difficulty regulating emotions following stressful events is a hallmark of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Although individuals' ability to regulate their emotions is believed to have direct consequences for both emotional and physical wellbeing, few studies have examined the cardiovascular effects of different emotion regulation strategies in MDD. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first to examine the effects of two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive distraction and rumination, on both self-reported sadness and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in individuals with MDD and healthy controls (CTLs).

Sex differences in perception of invisible facial expressions.

Previous research indicates that women are better at recognizing facial expressions than men. In the current study, we examined whether this female advantage in the processing of facial expressions also occurs at the unconscious level. In two studies, participants performed a simple detection task and a 4-AFC task while faces were rendered invisible by continuous flash suppression.