High-Mobility Epitaxial Graphene on Ge/Si(100) Substrates.

Graphene was shown to reveal intriguing properties of its relativistic two-dimensional electron gas; however, its implementation to microelectronic applications is missing to date. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of epitaxial graphene on technologically relevant and in a standard CMOS process achievable Ge(100) epilayers grown on Si(100) substrates. Crystalline graphene monolayer structures were grown by means of chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

Electron Transport across Vertical Silicon/MoS/Graphene Heterostructures: Towards Efficient Emitter Diodes for Graphene Base Hot Electron Transistors.

Heterostructures comprising silicon, molybdenum disulfide (MoS), and graphene are investigated with respect to the vertical current conduction mechanism. The measured current-voltage (-) characteristics exhibit temperature-dependent asymmetric current, indicating thermally activated charge carrier transport. The data are compared and fitted to a current transport model that confirms thermionic emission as the responsible transport mechanism across devices.

Metal-Free CVD Graphene Synthesis on 200 mm Ge/Si(001) Substrates.

Good quality, complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology compatible, 200 mm graphene was obtained on Ge(001)/Si(001) wafers in this work. Chemical vapor depositions were carried out at the deposition temperatures of 885 °C using CH as carbon source on epitaxial Ge(100) layers, which were grown on Si(100), prior to the graphene synthesis. Graphene layer with the 2D/G ratio ∼3 and low D mode (i.

Understanding the growth mechanism of graphene on Ge/Si(001) surfaces.

The practical difficulties to use graphene in microelectronics and optoelectronics is that the available methods to grow graphene are not easily integrated in the mainstream technologies. A growth method that could overcome at least some of these problems is chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of graphene directly on semiconducting (Si or Ge) substrates. Here we report on the comparison of the CVD and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of graphene on the technologically relevant Ge(001)/Si(001) substrate from ethene (C2H4) precursor and describe the physical properties of the films as well as we discuss the surface reaction and diffusion processes that may be responsible for the observed behavior.

devI is an evolutionarily young negative regulator of Myxococcus xanthus development.

Unlabelled: During starvation-induced development of Myxococcus xanthus, thousands of rod-shaped cells form mounds in which they differentiate into spores. The dev locus includes eight genes followed by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), comprising a CRISPR-Cas system (Cas stands for CRISPR associated) typically involved in RNA interference. Mutations in devS or devR of a lab reference strain permit mound formation but impair sporulation.

A graphene-based hot electron transistor.

We experimentally demonstrate DC functionality of graphene-based hot electron transistors, which we call graphene base transistors (GBT). The fabrication scheme is potentially compatible with silicon technology and can be carried out at the wafer scale with standard silicon technology. The state of the GBTs can be switched by a potential applied to the transistor base, which is made of graphene.

Valproic acid induced encephalopathy--19 new cases in Germany from 1994 to 2003--a side effect associated to VPA-therapy not only in young children.

Valproic acid (VPA) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug and is usually well-tolerated. Rare serious complications may occur in some patients, including haemorrhagic pancreatitis, bone marrow suppression, VPA-induced hepatotoxicity and VPA-induced encephalopathy. The typical signs of VPA-induced encephalopathy are impaired consciousness, sometimes marked EEG background slowing, increased seizure frequency, with or without hyperammonemia.

Electrophysiological correlates of active and passive attentional states after severe traumatic brain injury.

We aimed to investigate attentional resources distribution in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 35 severe TBI patients in post-acute care, and 35 age- and gender-matched controls using an auditory oddball paradigm under passive (ignore stimuli) and active (count deviants) conditions. Six components (P1, N1, P2, N2, P3, N3) in four waveforms were studied, i.

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the human melanoma cell line SK-Mel 28: modulation of chemotaxis.

Primary and metastatic human melanomas express muscarinic receptors. In embryonic tissues, expression of muscarinic receptors is correlated with morphogenesis. The hypothesis has been put forward that muscarinic receptors are involved in morphogenetic movements in the embryo, and in cellular movements in melanoma cells during invasive growth.

Electrophysiological correlates of visual impairments after traumatic brain injury.

Our aims were to investigate: (i) the VEP correlates of functional visual impairments following traumatic brain injury (TBI), in particular of the reduced spatial form perception; and (ii) the VEP correlates of visual sustained arousal in TBI patients. We used two approaches: (i) the analysis of latency and amplitude of the peaks; and (ii) the study of the correlations among the latencies of the peaks as a label of temporal synchronization. Thirty-five severe TBI outcome inpatients and 35 matching controls were studied.

Effects of enflurane and isoflurane on splanchnic oxygenation in humans.

Study Objectives: To determine the effects of enflurane and isoflurane on hepatic venous oxygen saturation (ShvO2) and splanchnic oxygen (O2) extraction. To measure hemodynamic parameters and ShvO2, mixed venous, and arterial lactate concentrations during enflurane and isoflurane anesthesia.

Design: Randomized, prospective study.

Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation on splanchnic oxygenation in humans.

Objectives: To examine the influence of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation on splanchnic oxygenation and lactate production in humans without pulmonary disorders.

Design: Prospective study.

Setting: Single-institutional surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital.

[The effect of PEEP-ventilation on gas exchange and airway closure in experimental pulmonary emphysema].

The benefits of mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) are well documented, especially for patients with acute respiratory failure. PEEP increases functional residual capacity (FRC) and reduces closing volume (CV) and ventilation-perfusion mismatching. Little is known about the effects of PEEP in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, where closing volume and ventilation-perfusion mismatching are increased.

High frequency jet ventilation in experimental pulmonary emphysema.

The effects of high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV, f = 2 Hz and 8 Hz, I:E = 0.43, FiO2 = 0.4) were studied and compared with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV, f = 10-14 breaths/min, VT = 15 ml/kg, I:E = 0.

Psychogeriatric consultation. General Hospital versus home for the aged.

As more elderly persons are institutionalized in long-term care settings, there will be an increasing need for psychiatric consultation-liaison (C/L) services. An understanding of how patterns of C/L service provision differ in these settings from those in the general hospital is important for efficient use of resources. In this study, certain characteristics of psychiatric consultations for the elderly patients in a general hospital were compared to consultations in a home for the aged.

Unconventional cancer remedies.

Unproven and disproven remedies continue to abound for illnesses for which conventional treatment is only partially effective. This is particularly true with cancer, for which up to 50% of patients may be receiving unorthodox therapy. This article examines unconventional cancer remedies, their adverse effects, their common factors and the basis for their appeal, as well as what motivates and characterizes patients who choose these treatments.

Psychiatric consultation-liaison services to an obstetrics and gynecology department.

This paper describes the psychiatric consultation-liaison services provided to an Obstetrics and Gynecology Department. Clinical services are provided both by program consultation and by individual inpatient and outpatient referral. Clinical problems in obstetrics and gynecology that result in psychiatric referral are discussed.

The psychiatrist's role in determining competency to consent in the general hospital.

In the general hospital, consultation-liaison psychiatrists are frequently consulted regarding issues of competency to consent to medical and surgical procedures and treatments. It is necessary that psychiatrists practicing in this setting have a thorough awareness of both the legal aspects of competency and consent and the clinical situations which can arise. In this paper we discuss the legal basis for consent and various definitions proposed for mental competency to consent to treatment.

Mood disorder and multiple sclerosis.

A systematic psychiatric evaluation was performed on 100 consecutive patients attending a multiple sclerosis clinic. Forty-two percent of the patients had lifetime history of depression, and 13% fulfilled criteria for manic-depressive illness. Only 28% of the patients had no psychiatric diagnosis.

Personal and family history of affective illness in patients with multiple sclerosis.

There is a high prevalence of affective illness, both depression and bipolar disorder, in patients with multiple sclerosis. In this study, the family history method was used to assess the prevalence of affective illness in first-degree relatives of patients with multiple sclerosis. There was not an excess of affective illness in the relatives suggesting that affective disorder associated with multiple sclerosis does not have a familial pattern similar to primary affective disorder.

Excessive concern about AIDS in two bisexual men.

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has become an increasingly common cause of severe morbidity and death among homosexual men. As such it has become a major source of concern to this group. In this paper I report the cases of two bisexual men who developed a severe illness characterized by fatigue, malaise and infirmity for which no physical etiology could be determined despite extensive and complete investigations.