Insulin Receptor Regulates Neurotrophin and Neurotrophin Receptor Expression in the Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells: In Vitro Study.

Adult Neural stem cells (NSCs)/Neural Progenitor cells (NPCs) are known to play an important role in creating new neurons and glial cells. The self-renewal, multipotent abilities of NSCs are attributed to several of cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Insulin is an important neuromodulator, particularly influencing neural survival, memory, and energy homeostasis.

Neurotrophomodulatory effect of TNF-α through NF-κB in rat cortical astrocytes.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a well-known pro-inflammatory cytokine originally recognized for its ability to induce apoptosis and cell death. However, recent research has revealed that TNF-α also plays a crucial role as a mediator of cell survival, influencing a wide range of cellular functions. The signaling of TNF-α is mediated through two distinct receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which trigger various intracellular pathways, including NF-κB, JNK, and caspase signaling cascades.

Potential role of NGF, BDNF, and their receptors in oligodendrocytes differentiation from neural stem cell: An in vitro study.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) or neuronal progenitor cells are cells capable of differentiating into oligodendrocytes, myelin-forming cells that have the potential of remyelination. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are two neurotrophic factors that have been studied to stimulate NSC differentiation thus playing a role in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and several other demyelinating disorders. While several studies have demonstrated the proliferative and protective capabilities of these neurotrophic factors, their cellular and molecular functions are still not well understood.

Role of astrocytic MeCP2 in regulation of CNS myelination by affecting oligodendrocyte and neuronal physiology and axo-glial interactions.

Astrocytes perform several critical functions such as promoting neuronal maturation, neuronal survival, maintaining and supporting neurons and oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes participate in the formation of nodes of Ranvier. Recently, studies emphasizing on the role of astrocytes in regulating myelination by secreting pro-myelinating factors like growth factors, neurotrophins and ECM proteins, have been investigated by many researchers.