Time-mapping and future-oriented behavior in free-ranging wild fruit bats.

Episodic memory and mental time travel have been viewed as uniquely human traits. This view began to shift with the development of behavioral criteria to assess what is referred to as "episodic-like memory" in animals. Key findings have ranged from evidence of what-where-when memory in scrub-jays, rats, and bees; through decision-making that impacts future foraging in frugivorous primates; to evidence of planning based on future needs in scrub-jays and tool use planning in great apes.

Measuring synaptic transmission and plasticity with fEPSP recordings in behaving mice.

Spontaneous spiking activity depends on intrinsic excitability and synaptic input. Historically, synaptic activity has been mostly studied . Here, we describe a versatile and robust protocol to record field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in behaving rodents.