Active and passive procrastination in terms of temperament and character.

Background: While passive procrastination is usually associated with distress and dysfunction active procrastination may be an effective coping style. To test this possibility, we examined passive and active procrastination in terms of temperament, character, and emotional intelligence (EI), as well as by a short-term longitudinal study.

Methods: Adult community volunteers ( = 126) self-reported twice in an online short-term longitudinal study.