Resources time footprint indicator extension for evaluating human interventions in provisioning ecosystem services supply.

The growing emphasis on ecosystem services (ES) has enhanced evaluation of their capacity. However, intensive human intervention in the provisioning ecosystem service (P-ES) supply driven by widening spatial gaps between supply sources and demand locations, compromises the long-term ES supply potential. The Resources Time Footprint (RTF) indicator provides numerical insights into these impacts in the form of occupancy rates by comparing resource utilization to allocated capacities over a person's lifespan.

Error performance of underwater wireless optical communications with spatial diversity under turbulence channels.

In underwater optical wireless communications (UOWC), absorption, scattering, and turbulence severely degrade the reliability and transmission rate of the UOWC link. In this paper, spatial diversity (SD) is exploited to improve the error performance of UOWC links, which involves the deployment of multiple transmit/receive apertures. Channel impulse responses for various configurations in a coastal ocean water link are obtained by Monte Carlo simulation.