Minimising the rate of vascular complications in Deep Brain Stimulation surgery for the management of Parkinson's disease: a single-centre 600-patient case series.

Objectives: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective, yet underused therapy for people living with Parkinson's disease (PD) in whom tremor, motor fluctuations and/or dyskinesia are not satisfactorily controlled by oral medical therapy. Fear of vascular complications related to the operative procedure remains a strong reason for both the referrer and patient reluctance. We review the incidence of vascular complications in the first 600 patients with Parkinson's disease treated at our centre by a single neurologist/neurosurgical team.

Globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation as rescue therapy for refractory dyskinesias following effective subthalamic nucleus stimulation.

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) at the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidus internus (GPi) can effectively treat the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but dual implantation is rare. We report the first cases of additional GPi stimulation as rescue therapy for disabling dyskinesias following successful STN stimulation.

Methods: Two patients, initially treated with bilateral STN DBS, underwent subsequent bilateral GPi DBS after the development of refractory dyskinesias within 1 and 6 years of STN surgery.

Atopic dermatitis: review of immunopathogenesis and advances in immunosuppressive therapy.

This paper reviews the theories of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), with a particular emphasis on its immunopathogenesis. The contribution of predisposing factors, immunopathogenic factors and provoking factors in the pathogenesis of AD are considered. Predisposing factors explored in this article include genetics and the disturbance of skin function.