Global geoepidemiology of gastrointestinal surgery rates in Crohn's disease.

Background: Data regarding the worldwide gastrointestinal surgery rates in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) remains limited.

Aim: To systematically review the global variation in the rates of surgery in CD.

Methods: A comprehensive search analysis was performed using multiple electronic databases from inception through July 1, 2020, to identify all full text, randomized controlled trials and cohort studies pertaining to gastrointestinal surgery rates in adult patients with CD.

Quantitative Impact of the 2018 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) Practice Guideline Update on Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Testing in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Analysis.

Context.—: The global impact of the new 2018 American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) practice guideline update on the overall HER2 status designation, compared with the prior 2013 iteration, is unknown.

Objectives.

Imitation of novel conspecific and human speech sounds in the killer whale ().

Vocal imitation is a hallmark of human spoken language, which, along with other advanced cognitive skills, has fuelled the evolution of human culture. Comparative evidence has revealed that although the ability to copy sounds from conspecifics is mostly uniquely human among primates, a few distantly related taxa of birds and mammals have also independently evolved this capacity. Remarkably, field observations of killer whales have documented the existence of group-differentiated vocal dialects that are often referred to as traditions or cultures and are hypothesized to be acquired non-genetically.

Proximal End Root Morphology Characteristics in Antemortem Anagen Head Hairs.

The proximal end morphology of antemortem anagen head hair was compared with the characteristics documented to occur in postmortem hairs. Antemortem anagen and telogen head hairs (N = 967) were recovered following exposure to seven environments. Root morphology characteristics consistent with those reported in postmortem hairs were observed in 66 (14%) hairs exposed to a water, normal saline, outdoor soil, or indoor shower environment.